Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/728

STRIKES. 630 STRINGHAM. workmen in labor disputes. The better-developed English unions have adopted a conservative pol- icy in regard to strikes. Employers are more accustomed to dealing on equal terms with their men than is true in the United States. The formation of unions of unskilled laborers has been accompanied by many stril^es, among which the great Dock strike of 1889 attracted a re- markable amount of public sympathy and assist- ance. The engineering strike of 1896 roused much discussion as to the effect of imionisra on English trade supremacy. In 1900 there oc- curred in Great Britain 648 strikes and lock- outs, involving directly 135,145 employees; 202 of the disputes resulted in favor of the employees, 211 in favor of employers, and 221 were com- promised. In Germany (1900) there were re- ported 1433 strikes, involving 122,803 workmen; 275 strikes succeeded and 505 succeeded partly. In France for the same year are recorded 1229 strikes and 432,324 strikers: 371 were wholly and 368 partly successful. In 1890 a famous strike occurred in New South Wales, beginning as a strike of the Shearers' Union against non- union men, but spreading to the railroads, and finally to nearly all industries. The report (Sydney, 1891) of the commission appointed to investigate it is one of the most valuable books upon the subject. Bibliography. General: Webb, History of Trade Unionism (London, 1902) ; Wright, Indus- trial Evolution of the United States (New York, 1895) ; Howell, Conflicts of Labor and Capital (London, 1890) : Crouzel, Les coalitions et les grcves (Paris, 1887) ; McNeil, The Labor Move- ment (Boston, 18SG). On the Chicago Strike: Report of the United States Strike Commission (Washington, 1895) ; Ashlev, The Railroad Strike of 189 J, (Cambridge, 1895). On the Coal Strike of 1902: Report of Strike Commission, Bulletin of the Department of Labor (May, 1903). Legal: Stimson, Handbook to the Labor Law of the United States (New York, 1896); Report of the Industrial Commission, vol. v. (Washington, 1900). Statistics: Report of the United States Coinmissioncr of Labor (1887, 1894, and 1901) : Bulletin of the Department of Labor (bi-monthly, digesting foreign statistics) ; Report of Board of Mediation and Arbitration (New York, annual since 1887) : Report of Board of Arbitration and Conciliation (Massa- chusetts, annual since 1887) ; Report of the Labor Correspondent to the (British) Board of Trade on Strikes and Lockouts (annual since 1888) ; Statistique des iircves (France, annual since 1891): Mayo-Smith, Statistics and Eco- nomics (New York, 1899). STE.INDBERG,strind'bery',ArGUST ( 1849— ) . A Swedish novelist, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer, the most prominent exponent in Swed- ish literature of the modern realistic tendency. He was born in Stockholm, and after some suc- cess as a dramatic author became at once more widely known through his novel Riida rummet (The Red Room, 1S791, satirical sketches of the literary and artistic world. In the same vein was Det nya riket (The New Kingdom. 1882). which caused such violent discussion on the part of the reactionary journalistic faction as to induce its author to repair to foreign parts, principally Paris. Germany, and Switzerland. Since 1897 he settled again in Sweden. His other novels include Hemsijborna (The Natives of Hemso, 1887), SkUrkarlslif (Life on the Skerries, ISSS), and I Hafsbandct (Sea-girt, 1890). Worthy of notice are also several collections of sliort stories, to wit: Fran Fjerdinfjen och Svurtbiicken (From Fjerdingen and Svartbiicken, 1877) ; (/i77os( Mar- riages, 1884), which treated satirically of tlie relation between the sexes in the present age, and which involved him in a lawstiit for alleged irreverent attacks on religious institutions; and Utopier i verkligheten (Utopias Realized. 1885), advocating the solution of the labor question from the socialist point of view. Of his dramas Master Olof (1872) constituted his first stage success and was followed bv Gillets hcmlighet (The Secret of the Guild, 1880), Herr Bengt's husit.ru (Mr. Bengt's Wife, 1882), Fadren (The Father, 1887), and Froken Julie (Miss Julia, 1888). Among his other works are Svenska folket i helg och siiken (The Swedish People in Every Walk of Life, 1882), on which was based the series of seventeen stories Svenska odcn och iifventyr (Swedish Destinies and Adventures, 1882-90), and Gamla Stockholm (Old Stock- holm, 1882), in collaboration with Chios Lundin. He published an autobiography entitled Tjensteq_- rinnans son (The Servantmaid's Son, 1886). Consult Hansson, Das junge Skandinavien (Dres- den, 1891), and Brandes, Menschen utid Werke (Frankfort, 1894). STRING (AS. strenge, OHG. Strang, Ger. Strang, string, either from AS. Strang, OHG. strengi, Ger. streng, strong, or connected with Lat. stringere, to draw tight, Gk. arpoyydc, strangos, twisted). The .strings of musical in- struments are made either from silk, from the entrails of sheep, or from metal. Foniierly the metal strings were made of brass or copper, but now they are generally made of steel (for the pianoforte). For the string-instruments (violin, guitar) gut strings are generally used. The thinner the string the higher is the pitch. Ex- cessive thickness for the lower strings is avoided by winding them with thin copper or silver wire. Recently strings, especially those which are over- spun, have been manufactured from silk. For the violin the highest or E string is also some- times made of silk, but its tone quality is in- ferior to that of a gut string. The silk strings are chiefly used by violinists for the purpose of practicing in warm weather, when the moisture of the fingers causes the gut strings to snap in a short time. See Violin. STRINGED INSTRUMENTS. See Musical Instruments. STRINGEN'DO (It., drawing tight, com- pressing). A term used in music to denote a rather sudden acceleration in the time. STRINGHALT (corruption of spring + halt, lame). A peculiar catching up of the horse's legs, usually the hind ones. It is most notice- able when the animal is first brought out of the stable, when he is excited, or made to turn sud- denly round : it is a form of chorea or Saint Vitus's dance. It does not interfere with useful- ness, and is difficult to treat. When due to local injury the habit may be corrected by local treat- ment. STRINGHAM, string'nm, Silas Horton (1798-1876). An American naval officer, born at Middletown, N. Y. He was appointed midship-