Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/730

STROMATOPORA. 632 STRONG. incrusting and sometimes branching masses that show a concentric lamination and an irregular, cellular, microseopic structure. These hydroid corals are found in fossil coral reefs in the Chazy, Niagara, Lower Hclderberg, and Onon- daga limestones of New York State, and large specimens, which when polished are of great beauty, have been obtained in the Upper De- vonian of the Central States. STROMB (Lat. stromhus, sort of spiral snail, from Gk. aTpo/j/iof:, pine-cone, snail, from a-pi- ^civ, sirephein, to turn, twist). A large gas- tropod niollusk of the family Strombidie, or more particularly its .sliell. The species are numerous, and are mostly inhabitants of tropical seas. ^trombus gigas, the 'queen conch,' is the largest known univalve. It is found in the West Indies, op reefs in shallow water, and is fished both for the table and on account of the shell. Great numbers of the shells are imported into Europe and America, and are sometimes called 'fountain- shell,' from their aptness as garden ornaments. Their chief use. however, is by cameo-makers. Pearls of a delicate pink color are sometimes found in this shell. STROMBOLI, str6ml56-le. A volcanic island belonging to the Lipari Islands (q.v.). STRONG, AuGU.STUs Hopkins (1836—). An American clergyman, educator, and author. He was born at Rochester, N. Y., and graduated at Yale in 1857 and at the Rochester Theological Seminary three years afterwards. He became a Baptist minister, and in 1872 was made presi- dent of the Rochester Theological Seminary and professor of biblical theology in that institution. Among his published works are: Systematic The- ology (1880: 3d ed. 1890) ; Philosophy and Re- ligion (1888) ; Great Poets and Their Theology; and Christ in Creation and Ethical Monism (1899). STRONG, Caleb (1745-1819). A Governor of Massachusetts, born at Northampton in that State. He graduated at Harvard College in 1704, and was admitted to the bar in 1772. During the Revolution he served in the Massa- chusetts General Court and on the Committee of Safety of his town, and from 1779 till 1780 sat in the Massachusetts Senate. He was a member of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention of 1787. From 1789 till 1790 he was a United States Senator, and he was Governor of Massa- chusetts from 1800 till 1807, and again from 1812 till 1816. In politics he was an ardent Federalist, and as such was bitterly opposed to the War of 1812. On June 26. 1812, he issued a proclamation for a public fast on account of the war just declared "against the nation from which we are descended, and which for many gen- erations has been the bulwark of the religion we profess." By the advice of the State Supreme Court he refused to comply with the President's request to call out the State militia to help in the prosecution of the war. In explanation of this refusal he said that to the Governor, not to the President, belonged the power to decide when to call out the militia. Afterwards he placed the militia of the State under a State major-general : was active in other measures looking toward the practical nullification of the national authority : and approved the report of the Hartford Convention (q.v.). He published Patriotism and Piety; or Speeches and Procla- mations of Governor Strong (1808). His Life was written by Alden Bradford (Boston, 1820). Consult also Dwight, The Strong Family (Al- bany, 1871). STRONG, George Crockett (1832-63). An American soldier, born in Stoekbridge, Vt. He graduated at West Point in 1857 : was an ord- nance officer with the rank of lieutenant on the staff of General McDowell in the first battle of Bull Run, and later served successively on the staffs of Generals McClellan and Butler. He commanded an expedition sent from Ship Island against Biloxi, Jliss.. in April. 1802, and an- other sent against Pontchatoula, and was com- missioned brigadier-general of volunteers in No- vember, 1862. He commanded a brigade in the operations against Charleston, S. C, in June and July, 1803: made a successful descent on Morris Island on July 10th : and on the I8th of the same month was mortally wounded while gallantly leading the assault on Fort Wagner. A commission as major-general of volunteers was made out to date from the day of the battle. He published Cadet Life at West' Point (1862). STRONG, .James (1822-94). An American Methodist lay biblical scholar and educator. He was born in New York City and studied medicine for a time, then entered Wesleyan Universi- ty, Jliddletown, Conn., graduating 1844. He taught languages at Poultnev, Vt., in 1844- 40; lived "in Flushing, L.' I., in 1848-57, teaching privately and acting as president of the Flushing Railroad and president of the village. He was professor of biblical literature and act- ing president of Troy University- in 1858-63; professor of exegetical theology in Drew Theo- logical Seminary, Madison, X."j.. 1808-93. He traveled in the East in 1874. and was a member of the Anglo-American Bible Revision Commit- tee. 1871-81. In 1853 he became associated with Dr. John McClintoek in the preparation of the Cyclopcedia of Biblical, Theologhnl. and Ec- clesiastical Literature (revised edition 1890), and in 1870 became editor-in-chief. The best-known of his works besides the Cyclopcedia are English Harmony and Exposition of the Gospels (1852), The Tabernacle of Israel in the Desert (1888), Doctrine of a Future Life (1892), Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (1895), a work upon which he was engaged for thirty-five years. The Stndcnt's Commentary on. the Book of Psalms (1890) was issued posthumously with prefatory memoir by Rev. Henry A. Buttz. STRONG, Sir Samuel Henry (1825—). A Canadian jurist, born at Poole, England. He went to Canada in 1836 and in 1849 was ad- mitted to the bar. In 1850 he was appointed a member of the commission for consolidating the statutes of Upper Canada and Canada; in 1803 was created Queen's counsel, and in 1809 was made a vice-chancellor of the Court of Chancery. He was called to the Ontario Court of Error and Appeal in 1874. and in 1875 was made puisne judge in the newly constituted Canadian Supreme Court, of which he became Chief .Justice in 1892. In 1897 he was sworn of her Majesty's Privj' Council. STRONG, Theodore (1790-1869). An Ameri can mathematician, born in Massachusetts. He was educated at Yale, and after graduation (1812) became tutor in mathematics at Hamil- ton College, and in 1810 professor of mathe-