Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/733

STKOZZI. 635 STRUVE. of his mother and the iiianiage of his sister he was arrusted and imprisoned in the dungeon of his Order for three years, wlien he eseaped to 'enice and there worked ju'ivately and for the State, deeorating the library of Saint Mark's and the churclies of San Benedetto and of the Ineura- bili. His best eti'orts were portraits. STRXIENSEE, strixfrnza. Joiiaxn Friedricii VON, Count (1737-72). A Danish statesman, born August 5, 1737, at Halle, Saxony. He studied medicine, became the pli.vsician of King Christian VII. (q.v.) of Denmark (17U8), and rose to the highest favor. In 1771 he was made IMinister of State with unusual powers. Since the Revolution of 1000 Denmark had been under the domination of the nobility, who as a council of State governed the country. Struensee dis- solved the council, and proclaimed the estab- lishment of the ancient rojal power. These measures amounted in reality to a revolution, and to a declaration of war against the aristoc- racy. The Queen and Sti'uensee, in whose hands the whole power now was, chose new ministers, and excluded the feeble Christian entirel.y from the management of atl'airs. In opposition to the policy of his predecessors, Struensee en- deavored to free Denmark from Russian in- fluence, and to find a natural all}' in Swe- den. He put the finances in order, reduced the expenditure, freed industry and trade, en- couraged education, mitigated the penal laws, and brought order into the administration. Serf- dom was partially abolished. The haste with which this revolutionary course was pursued pro- duced a reaction, while the clergy were aroused by Struensee's outspoken skepticism. The Queen and Struensee were accused of criminal relations and the King was prevailed upon, apparently against his will, to sign warrants for the arrest of Struensee. The Minister was accused of hav- ing conspired against the person and throne of the King, and of being the lover of the Queen. He was sentenced to death and executed April 28, 1772. Queen Carolina Matilda left Denmark in May, 1772, and died in 1775 in the castle of Celle in Hanover. Consult Struensee et la cuwr de Copenhague — memoires de Reverdil (Paris, 1858). STKTJMPELL, stri.im'pel. Lrowio (1812-99). A German pliilosopher, born at Schiippenstedt. He studied philosophy at Kiinigsberg. where he was influenced by Herbart, and continued his studies at Leipzig. In 1845 he became professor of philosophy at Dorpat, and after 1872 he held a similar position at the University of Leipzig. He became known as a prominent representative of Herbart's philosophy and published Erliiute- riingen zii Hciburts I'hilosaphie (1834), Die Hauptpuiihte dcr ilerbiiitselicn ilefaphi/silx h-ri- tisch beleuchlet (1840), Uedanhcn iiber Religion und religiose Problenie (1888), Ab- hnndlungen zur Oeschichte der Metapliysik, Psy- chologie und Religionsphilosophie (1890). and Yermisehte Ahhandliingen aus dcr theoretischen und praktischcn Philosophie (1897). STKUTT, John William. An English physi- cist. See Rayleigh. STRUTT, .Joseph (1749-1802). An English antiquary. He studied engraving and painting, but devoted himself mostly to research in the British Museum. Among his works are The Vol. XVIIL— 11. Rrgal and Ecclesiastieal Antiqiiities of England (1773); The Chronicle of England (1777-78); Complete 'ieic of the Dress and Habits of the People of Eiif/laiid from the Establishment of the hiaxons in Britain to the Present Time (1790- 99) ; Sports and Pastimes of the People of Eng- land (1801); and a curious historical romance, entitled Qucrnhoo Hall, edited and comjiletcd by Sir Walter Scott (1808). Strutt's work as anti- quary was so well done that it has not yet been superseded. His engravings in the 'chalk' or dotted style are much sought after. STRUVE, stroo'vr, Friedricii Georg Wil- IIELM VON (1793-IS04). A Russian astronomer, born at Altona, Germany. He was educated at the University of Dorjiat, and appointed to a post in j,he observatory in 1813, and continued with the utmost assiduity his observation and researches respecting double and multiple stars, adding immensely to our knowledge of these sys- tems. In 1839 he became director of the newly organized oljservatory at Pulkova, and here he continued again his classic researches concerning double stars. Struve also executed a number of important geodetic operations, such as the triangulation of Livonia, in 1810-19, and the measurement of an arc of the meridian in 1822- 52. He published: Obserrationes Dorpatenses (1817-39); Catalogus Xoviis Stellarum Dupli- eium (1827); Stellarum Duplieium MensurcB Micrometricw (1831); Stellarum Fixarum, Im- primis Compositarum Positiones MedicE (1852). All these works are fundamental in the history of double-star astronomy. He published also Arc du meridien entre ' le Danube et la Mer alaciale (1857-60). STRUVE, Gi-.ST.v VON (1805-70). A Ger- man revolutionist, born in Munich. He was an ardent Liberal, and in 1848 took part with Hecker and others in the first revolt in Baden. After the defeat at Staufen he was cap- tured and sentenced to five years of solitary con- finement. Released by the Revolutionist in 1849, he became the leader of the Republican Party in the Constituent Assembly of Baden. Forced to flee again, he went first to' Switzerland, then to England, and finally, in 1851, to the United States. Here he composed his Allgemeine Weltgeschichte (1853), a history of the world from the stand])oint of radical republicanism. When the Civil War broke out he served for a time as an officer in the Eighth New York Regi- ment, but in 1803 returned to Europe, where he lived for a time in Coburg, then in Vienna until his death. Among his numerous other works are: Das offenthehe Recht des dcutsehen Bundes (1846) ; Geschichte der drei Volkserhebungen in Baden (1848); and Das Revolutionszeitalter (1860). STRUVE, Otto Wilhelm (1819—). A Rus- sian astronomer, born at Dorpat. In 1837 he be- came his father's chief assistant at Pulkova. In 1862 he became the director of Pulkova Observa- tory, a position which he held till 1889, when he retired to Karlsruhe. In his examination of the northern heavens he discovered 500 binary stars and also determined the parallax of several stars, and observed the variability of the liglit coming from the nebula of Orion and the several stars hidden in the nebula. He also determined a new value of the precession constant (1841),