Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/747

SUAKIM. 647 SUBJECT. for African pilgrims traveling to Mecca. It has a well-protected harbor and is au important ship- ping point for the products of the interior. These include ivory, tobacco, and gums. The impoi'ts for 1899 were valued at $900,000. The trade is increasing. The domestic manufactures are lance-heaiis, cutlery, and leather cases. Suakim was founded by the 'Turks, and was a leading slave port until the trallic was suppressed. The vicinity of Suakim was a battle-ground between the Anglo-Egyptians and Osman Uigna in 1881 and ISllO. SUANITIANS, or SWANS. One of the Georgian ])Coples of the Caucasus, dwelling in Uie Transcaucasian Government of Kutais be- tween the Imeritians and the Mingrelians. StTAREZ, swa'rath, Fr. cisco ( 1.548-lfil7) . A Spanisli theologian and scholastic philosopher. He was born at Granada, entered the .Jesuit Order in 1504, and came under the direction of the great ascetic Kodriguez during his novitiate at Sledina del Campo. The general of the society, Aquaviva, called him in 1578 to teach in Rome, where he remained seven years. Returning to Spain for reasons of health, he taught at AlcalS, Salamanca, and Coimbra. Besides his thorough knowledge of the Schoolmen, and especially of Thomas Aquinas, whom he usually follows, he displays remarkable familiarity with the writ- ings of the first Christian centuries. His complete works were reprinted in 28 volumes (Paris, 1856-61). Consult Werner, Fniiiz Suarez und die Scholastilc der letzten Jahr- hiindcrte (Regensburg, 1861). SXJBANDHIT, soo-biind'hmJ. A Sanskrit novelist, wlio lived probably in the seventh cen- tury A.D. Apart from a few verses he is known only as the author of the Vasavadafta, a highly artificial romance dealing with the love of Prince Kandarpaketu for the Princess Vasavadatta. The action of the novel is very slight, and tlic style abounds in long compounds, puns, and as- sonances. The novel is important in Sanskrit lit- erary history as being the first of the romantic school, and thus being the acknowledged model for the Kadamharl and the Harsacarita of Bana (q.v. ). It has been edited, with an admirable introduction, by Hall (Calcutta. 1859) and Vidvasaeara (ib., 1874). and in Telugu script at Madras "(1862). See NovEi,. SUBANO, soo-bii'no. A ISIalay people in Sibuguey Peninsula, Zamboanga Province, jIln- danao. See Philippine Islands. SUBCONSCIOUSNESS. A term used some- wh.it indefinitely to cover weak and obscure men- tal processes which lie just above the limen of consciousness. Common instances are the sound of a clock and the roar of a stream which pass out of attcnlion if long continued; or the over- tones which determine the 'color' or timbre of a musical note, although they are not ordinarily recognized as distinct tonal qualities. Many psychologists hold that subconscious processes, even though they do not attract the attention, do nevertheless exert a determinate influence upon the course of mental events. It is, however, important to distinguish between mind consid- ered for itself alone, without external reference, i.e. consciousness that is properly anoetic, and the vague background against which the more luminous parts of mind are focalized. (See At- tention'.) The factual existence of obscure proc- esses which elude direct introspection and analy- sis by the attention is not to be confused with the hupothcsis of the subconscious, which asserts that all pa.st experience is conserved, not physi- ologically merely, but in a weakened form of con- sciousness. Consult : James, Principles of I'sy- vholocjn (New York. 1890); Stout. Amih/tic I'si/chology (ib., 1896). See Noetic Conscious- ness. SUBDEACON. A member of an order in the ministry of the early Church and of the Koman Catholic and Eastern churehes at the present day. The subdiaconate ajipareiitly originated later than the episccipate. jucsbyterate, and dia- conate, and probably developed from the last named as deacons rose in importance. The func- tion of the olhce is to assist the deacon, in mod- ern times especially in the celebration of the Eucharist. In the Roman Catholic Church the subdeacon of the mass, who sings the epistle and in other w.ays assists in the service, is usually a priest. C<msult Renter. />(/.s StihrlidCoiKit (.Augs- burg, 1890), and see Orders, Holt; Deacon. SUBDOMINANT. The interval one fifth below the tonic, and the fourth degree of the scale. SUBIACO, soiT'bf.-ii'kA (Lat. Huhhtqurum) . A city in the Province of Rome. Ital_y, in the Sabine Mountains, 50 miles (of which 36 is l)y rail, 14 by diligence) east of the city of Rome, on the Teverone (ancient Anio) (Map: Italy, H 6). Here are to be seen walls and terraces of one of Nero's villas, and the famous monasteries of Santa Scolastica (founded in 5.30) and of San Benedetto. Here in 14li5 the Germans Arnold Pannartz and Conrad Schweinheim published the first book printed in Italy, and copies of their editions of Lactantius, Cicero, and Augustine are still in the monastery library, which has lost, however, most of its precious manuscripts. San Benedetto contains thirteenth-century frescoes and paintings. Population (commune), in 1881, 7017; in 1901, 8005. SUBINFEUDATION (from Lat. suh, under + ML. infeiidatio. infeudation, from infeudare, iiifeodare. to confer in fee, from in. in -|- feudum, feud, fee, from OHG. film, AS. feoh, cattle. Lat. pccu. Skt. pa.ii(. cattle). The act by which a feudal lord granted a portion of his lands to a tenant upon condition that the latter hold of the former subject to the incidents of feudal tenure. This was accompanied with the feudal ceremonies usual in those times. It was by this means that the feudal manors of England were created. As this practice tended to evade the feudal rules against alienation it was forbid- den by the famous statute of Quia Emptores. See Feudal System ; Manor. SUBJECT (OF. snhiccf. svjcct. siijet. sjicjet. Fr. siijct, from Lat. stihjectiifi. subject, inferior, p.p. of suhjicere. to place under, from suJ}. un- der -t- jacere, to throw). A person who by rea- son of birth in a country or naturalization under its laws owes allegiance to its sovereign jiower. The term is almost exclusively employed to de- note such a person under a monarchical form of government; whereas, the word citizen is ajiplied to a member of a republic. The rights, privi- leges and duties of subjects, of course, depend upon the form of government, and they may