Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/76

SHARPSBURG. 58 was incorporated in 1841. It was named in honor of its founder, James Sharp. Population, in 1S90, 4S;iS; in 1900. 6842. SHARPSBTJRG, Battle of. See Antietam. SHARP-SHINNED HAWK. See Hen-hawk. SHARPSHOOTER. A military expert rifle- sliot. The great improvements in the accuracy of small arms, due to the introduction of rifling and elongated conical bullets, led to the forma- tion of organizations of sharpshooters, who were assigned to such positions as would best avail them in the harassing of the enemy. They were at first selected from the best shots of such regiments as were armed with the rifle. (See Rifleman.) The term sharpshooter is used in the United States in the army and militia to designate the grade between marksman and ex- pert. See Tabget and Target Practice. SHARPSHOOTER. A name in the Southern United States for certain heteropterous insects which puncture the young bolls and squares of cotton, causing them to wilt; the boll looks as though pierced by a minute bullet. The most SHAW. GliASSY-WlNGED BHARP8HOOTER. abundant of these species is the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata), a leaf- hopper of the family Cereopidae, which secretes an abundant supply of honeydew which it ejects from its body in the form of small drops or a spray, and is one of the insects frequently asso- ciated with the phenomenon called 'weeping trees.' SHARSWOOD, sh-irz'wiid. George (1810-83). An American jurist, born in Philadelphia. Pa. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1828, and was admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1845 he was appointed judge of the Philadel- phia District Court, and was the president of that court from 1848 until 1867, when he became associate judge of the State Supreme Court. Prom 1878 until 1882 he was Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. From 18.50 till 1807 he was senior professor of law in Pennsylvania University. He published: Professional Ethics (1854); Popular Lectures on Common Law (1865) ; an edition of Blackstone's Commentaries (1859); numerous editions of texts by other English law writers ; and Lectures Introductory to the Stud)/ of Laio (1870). SHA-SHI, sha'she', SHA-SI or SHA-SZE. A river port in the Province of Hu-peli. Cliina. on the left bank of the Yang-tse, 110 miles below I-chang (q.v) (!Map: China, D 5). It stands on a sand bank 1 to 1% miles wide, which sepa- rates it from the great swampy depression of Hu-peh (q.v.), and is protected from the floods of the Yang-tse by a great embankment many miles in length, begun in the sixth century. IMuch cotton is grown in the district; spinning and ■weaving are important home industries, and Sha-shi is the largest market in Central China for native cotton cloth. In 1896 it was opened by treatv to foreign residence and trade. Popu- lation, 80,000. SHAS'TA, Mount. A peak of the Sierra Nevada, in California, situated 40 miles from the northern boundary of the State (Jlap: Califor- nia, B 1). It is an extinct volcanic cone rising to a height of 14,380 feet. About 1400 feet below the summit is a crater three-fourths of a mile in diameter and 2500 feet deep ; evidences of volcanic activity, such as hot springs, still exist in the neighborhood. The summit is cov- ered with snow, and on the north slope are several glaciers of considerable size. SHAS'TON. An ancient town of Kngland. See ynAFTE.siiURY. SHAVLI, shjiv'lye. A town in the Govern- ment of Kovno, Russia, situated 114 miles north- west of Kovno (Map: Russia, B 3). Its chief manufactures are spirits, flour, and tobacco. Population, in 1897, 15,914, mostly Jews. SHAW, Albert (1857 — ). An American economist and editor, born at Shandon, Butler County, Ohio. He was educated at Iowa Col- lege and at Johns Hopkins University. His first important work was his thesis, Icaria: A Chap- ter in the History of Communism (1883). After editorial work and foreign study, he was made in 1890 professor of interaational law at Cor- nell University, but resigned his position to take the editorship (1891) of the American Review of Revieics. He published Municipal Government in Great Britain (1895), Municipal Government in Continental Europe (1895), and an account of the Spanish-American War. SHAW, Byam (1872—). An English figure painter, born in Madras. His family removed to London in 1879, and young Shaw studied under J, A. Vinter and at the Royal Academy schools, and first exhibited in 1893. His subjects are usually media'val and romantic; his work, power- fully influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite School, is imaginative and decorative and rich in detail, and he is a fine colorist. His pictures include: "Rose Mary" (1893); "Love's Baubles" (1897, bought by the Corporation of Liverpool) ; "The Queen of Hearts," and "The Queen of Spades." and portraits. SHAW, George Bernard (1856—). A Brit- ish critic, essayist, and dramatist. He was born in Dublin. In 1876 he settled in London and became known as a brilliant writer. Besides the criticism of the fine arts with which he began his journalistic career, he soon took an active part in politics, as a platform speaker and pam- phleteer, from the Socialist point of view. He was an early member of the Fabian Society (q.v.). At different times he contributed weekly articles to the Star and the World, and on the drama to the Saturday Revieu After moderate success with four novels — The Irrutionnl Knot, Love Anwnfi the Artists. Cashel Bi/ron's Profes- sion, and An Unsocial Socialist — he began writing plays which aroused much discussion. They are included in Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant, num- bering seven (2 vols., 1898) ; Three Plays for Puritans (1901) ; and The AdmiraMe Bash.ville (1901). In 1889 he edited Fahinn Essays, con- tributing two to the collection, and his writings include many socialistic pamphlets. Among his miscellaneous essays are The Qyintessener of Ihscnism (1891) and The Pei-fert War/nerite (1898). Shaw's invincible love of paradox has often prevented even those who most fully recog-