Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/773

SUGAR. 671 SUGAR. When the 'diffusion juice' leaves the battery from those described, except that a little lime is the coarse particles of beet pulp are filtered out added as a clarifying ajjcnl. It plays a minor and from two to three pounds of lime added for part in the world's markets, each hundred pounds of beets used. Carbon diox- Sugar Kefixing. Since all of the raw beet ide is then forced through the liquid to precipi- sugar and much of the raw cane sugar are un- tate the lime, togetlier with certain impurities, suitable for table use, and since even the lighter after the removal of which the operations of lim- grades of imrefincd sugar are in small demand ing, carbonizing, and filtering are repeated. If when compared to the snow-white granulated, the final product is to be a white sugar, the clear loaf, and powdered sugars, the refining of raw juice is then bleached with sulphurous acid and sugars has become an important brancli of the again filtered. The subsequent treatment cor- sugar industry. As usually conducted the proc- responds more or less closely with that employed ess consists in dissolving the raw sugar in in the factories using sugar-cane. water, filtering through cloth to remove sus- The United States Department of Agriculture pendeil matter, decolorizing by filtration through and various experiment stations, by means of bone black (bone charcoal) , and granulating in a special appropriations, have assisted greatly in vacuum pan as above described for sugar-cane the development of the beet-sugar industry, sugar. For the manufacture of high-grade which is established on a firm footing in Amer- sugars with large, hard crystals, the process is ica. Especially since 1S97 (see table) has the sometimes modified, the raw sugar being washed growth been rapid, the capital invested being, in with a dense syrup that removes the adhering 1900, more than $25,000,000. molasses without perceptibly dissolving the crys- M.PLE Sugar. The manufacture of maple tals, which, when dissolved, form a syrup so sugar is carried on more or less wherever sugar- light-colored as greatly to reduce or entirely maple trees are abundant, especially in the obviate the necessity of filtering through bone Northern Atlantic and Xorthern Central States, black before the solution is placed in the strike the leading producers, according to census re- pan for granulation. turns, being Vermont and Xew York. In some Statistics of the Sugar Industry. The cases the natural groves have been extended by world's production of sugar in 1902-3, excepting planting. The busy period depends upon the that obtained from maple trees, is quoted below iocalit.v and upon the season, sometimes com- from the estimates given in Willett and Gray's mencing in February and sometimes lasting until Weekly Statistical Sugar Trade Journal, for the middle of May, the best flow of sap being September 17, 1903: wiien there is a diurnal alternation of thawing g^g^^ Chop of the Wobld and slight freezing. See ilAPLE. Cane Sugar Tons The most popular modern method of tapping Louisiana 300000 the trees is to bore a one-half inch hole not more Poi-to Rico .........'.".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' 85.000 than IVo inches into the tree near the ground Hawaiian Islands 349.000 and to d'rive in a metal or wooden 'spile.' This We^in6ies'(^xporiB)'ZZZZZ[^'l""l["[[.ZlZ^ -iseim conducts the sap and also serves to support the Mexico lisiooo bucket, from which the sap is collected once or £<"?*.?;I Am<'ri'-a ■■■■ 23.500 ,. ' , , J i 1 i. t 1 1 i- i British (juiana (exports) 105,000 oftener each day and taken to a central plant to putch Guiana......... 313000 be boiled as soon after it arrives as possible, to Venezuela 3^000 avoid deterioration. All sorts of aiiparatus, in- ^C"'*: HS'2?!! , ,. ,. , ., If 1 -i- ^-^ .Argentina 130,000 eluding cuhnaiy utensils, are used tor boiling the Brazil istIsoo sap, but the most approved is a steam-heated British India 15)000 evaporator, of which several makes are upon the j'^^™ e42'8l2 market. In these the sap flows through a wind- Philippine iaiandstexportsy.!!!!'.'."^^ 8o!ooo ing channel, emerging as the finished product, Queensland 76,6-26 wiiiph oivintT tn ito frppdnm fi-nni mnlassps New South Wales ;... 21,000 wnicn owing to Its ireeaora iioni mo asses, pijilslands (exports) 35,500 quickly solidifies if sufficiently evaporated. Egypt 90,000 On an average the sap contains about 3 per Mauritius 135.000 ,, &,. '-11 jc Reunion 35,000 cent, of sugar, but occasionally exceeds 6 per spain 28 000 cent., and at this average a yield of three „ t„, „ ^ .. ,,,..„ ^,. , 1 ! ..„' , . -1 "j ci ui T Total cane-suffar production (Willett A Grar) 4,048,710 pounds a year is considered profitable. Large European beet-sugar production (l.icht) 5,605.000 trees and trees with rich sap often yield far more. United States beet-sugar production (Willett & The impurities of the sap as found in the sugar Gra.v) 195.463 rarely exceed 5 per cent. There is, however, a Grand total cane and beet-sugar production 9.849.173 small amount of insoluble m.aterial which is re- According to the reports of the Twelfth Census moved by skimming Sometimes milk or white the maple sugar made on farms in the United of egg IS used as a clarifier, but usuallv no pun- 04„i„„ ,i„„. %, ,„„„ ^ j V , V A-.„ t„- ^° i 111- u •■ 1 J States during the vear 1S99 amounted to 11,9'28,- rvmg agents are emploved. reliance being placed r-f, „„„„,i„ ^,„ , '., , i „ AtU Sii • III' J 1 •' ■ J. 1 1- i-i. ^ pounds, and the maple svrup to 2,056,611 on quick boiling and skimming to produce a light- (rallons ""it">= =>j'«ui' i-v -,uuu,uii colored and othenvise satisfactory sugar. The -j.^; '^^^^^^ ^^ eonsumption of sugar only impuri y that causes trouble is the so-called ;„ ,.,,;„„, eoilntries is given in Willett and W Jhvf- onuT 'ti" l^°/ '" f r ■'*' °^ G--^-^'^ ^^'"y Statistical" Sugar Trade Journal, lime, which oollects on the bottom of the pans, for March 14, 1901, as follows: interferes with the boiling, and makes the syrup ' ' cloudv and the sugar gritt,v. Consumption per capita. Palm-Tree Sugar. ' The 'jaggerv.' made prin- - l89n-!noo cipaiiy in the East Indies from various species A^^^::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::::. :■";;:: j?^p'"!r"'* of palms (Phoenix, Borassus. Coccos. and other France.. . !!."!!!!!i!!!.""i"""i!iiiii|;|[|';|;"".'.'.~;||;."'; 3fi;9 genera), is a dark-colored raw sugar made in a &"'!]' j' '■*" " crude way by methods not essentially different Be"gru"ni.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.™'."'.'.3.3.'.'.V."3.'.' ^'3 "•