Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/80

SHAWANO. 60 SHAYS'S REBELLION. ward and settled upon the Upper Delaware River in the neighborliuud of their relatives and friends, the Delaware and Jlohican. About thirty years later they again removed to the Susquehanna liiver, in the neighborhood of the present oniing, Pa., where they were joined in 17-42 by the Delaware and Jliuisee, who had been dispossessed by the 'Walking Treaty.' By 175C the Shawano "had made another westward move and joined their brethren on the Upper Oliio, who had come up in the meantime from Tennessee. Vp to about 1730 they had still kept up their old village near Augusta, on the Savan- nah, from hich they were finally driven by the Cherokee. The western Shawano, of the Cumberland re- gion, are first definitely mentioned in the Joiiiit Relations of 1648 under the name of Oiichaouu- nag. In 1070, as Chaouanon, they are described as living some distance southeast from their friends, the Illinois. From that time their name appears frequently in the records until their e.xpulsion and removal from the Cumber- land between 1705 and 1715 in consequence of a war with the Chickasaw and Cherokee. They retired to the Ohio country, where they united with those who had originally come up from Carolina, establishing tlieir principal villages near the present Piqua and Chillicothe. Ohio. The Shawano took a leading part against the English in the French and Indian Var and Pontiac's War, and afterwards against the Americans in the Revolution, the Tippecanoe campaign, and the War of 1812. In 1793 a considerable body set- tled in Missouri on lands granted by the Spanish Government. The death of Tecumseh broke the spirit of the Ohio tribes, and the war period closed for them with the treaty of peace in 1815. Bv a rapid series of treaty sales and removals tlie Shawano were shifted successively, in differ- ent bands, to Missouri, Texas. Kansas, and the Indian Territory. Those in Missouri removed to Kansas in 1825 and were joined there by the main body from Ohio in 1831. Some of these, known now as Absentee Shawnee, removed to the Indian Territory about 1845, others followed, and in 1807 the main tribe removed bodily and became incorporated with the Cherokee Nation. The Shawano have always been noted for their strong conservatism, high courage, and su])erior intellectnalit.v, as exemplified in the life of the great Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet Tenskwatawa. Under the new conditions of civilization they are somewhat behind their In- dian neighbors. They probabl.y never ninnbered more than 2500. They number now altogether about IROO souls, all in the Indian Territory or Oklahoma, viz.: In Cherokee Nation, about 800; Absentee Shawnee, 500; Big Jim's Band. 180; Eastern Shawnee. Quapaw Agenc.v, 90, with a few others scattering. See Tecumseh ; Ten- .SKWATAWA. SHAWL (Pers. shal. mantle). An outer gar- ment, usually in the shape of a square or double square, folded in the middle, worn usually by women, but not infrequently by men. The most famous and beautiful shawls are those made from the inner wool of the Cashmere goat. They are produced on hand looms and their patterns, which have remained unchanged for ages, are produced either bv weaving or em- broidery. Toward the beginning of the nine- teenth century the manufacture of imitation Cashmere shawls was begun in Europe and par- ticularly at Paisley, Scotland, where a pure wool sliawl was made at a low price, rivaling in beauty the true Caslimere shawl. Shawls have been made of nearly all the textile materials. The plaid, which is worn by the Scottish High- landers, is a kind of shawl whose pattern lias given the name plaid to all checkered designs. A beautiful crepe shawl is made by the Chinese from a hand-spun silk from which the gum has not been removed. The Bar&ges shawl, a woolen fabric made at Barfeges, France, is highly valued. Within recent years, however, the custom of wearing shawls has almost completely passed away in Europe and America, and their manu- facture has correspondingly declined. SHAW-LEFEVRE, le-fe'ver, George John (1832—). An Englisli politician. He was edu- cated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge ; studied law and was called to the bar in 1855. He was returned to Parliament for Reading from 1803 until defeated in 1885. In 1S08 he carried the vote in the House of Commons for arbitra- tion of the Alabama claims. He was secretar,v of the Board of Trade under ilr. Bright ( 1809- 71 ) ; Under Secretary in the Home Office ( 1871 ) ; Postmaster-General '(1883-84) ; member of Par- liament for Central Bradford (1885-95); and was chairman of manj' important connnittees in the House of Commons. In 1897 he was elected a member of the London County Council. He is the autlior of The Game Laics (1874) ; Freedom of Land (1880) ; English and Irish Land Ques- tion (1881); Peel and O'ConncH (1887); Inci- dents of Coercion (1888); Agrarian Tenure (1893). SHAWM (OF., dialectic Fr. chalemie. pipe, flute, from Lat. cahiinellns, little pipe, diminutive of calamus, pipe, reed, from Gk. Kd?.?afiti(, kal- laniQS, reed; connected with AS. hcalm. Eng. hauhn). An old wind instrument, the precursor of the oboe. It had a double reed set in a cuppeil mouthpiece. By leaving oflf the cup and taking the reeds directly between the lips the oboe orig- inated. SHAWNEE, sha-ne. A North American Indian tribe of Algonquian stock. See Shawano. SHAYS, Daniel (1747-1825). The leader in Shays's Rebellion (q.v.). He was born in Hopkin- ton.' Mass., attained the rank of captain in the Revolutionary War, and after settling in Pelbani (now Prescott) was the leader in the western ilassachusetts agitation against the State Gov- ernment. (See Shays'.s Rebellion.) After the dispersion of the in.surgents Shays removed to Sparta. N. Y.. and was granted a pension for his Revolutionary services. SHAYS'S REBELLION. An uprising in Massachusetts in 1780-87. The Revohitionary War had left the country in great economic dis- tress. Especially was this the case in western Jlassaehusetts. where the people were weighed down with private debts and burdensome taxes, and suflFereil greatly from the inevitable effects of a depreciated currency. Tlie courts were over- crowded with lawsuits. The malcontents, gath- ered in county and district conventions, soon began to draw up demands and grievances; while committees of correspondence endeavored to rouse the general public to action. It was asserted that the merchants were rapidly drain-