Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/829

SURVIVORSHIP. 727 SUSANNA. persons perish in the same accident or calamity there is a presumption of law that the stronger of them survived the others. This doctrine orig- inated in the Koman and civil law, but generally no presumption exists in England or most of the United States, and a person seeking to es- tablish the survivorship of one who lost his life with others in the same peril must do so by logical and relevant evidence as in any other case, or he will fail to sustain the burden of proof resting upon him. This proof need not be direct: the facts and circumstances may be shown if they furnish any reasonable basis for a conclusion. See Pkesumption; Evidence. SURVIVORSHIP, Right of. The right of a person holding a title jointly with another to succeed to the hitter's rights upon his deatli, by operation of law. This right exists in case of joint tenancies, in the absence of statutes to the contrary; in a husband and wife where they hold real property as tenants by the entirety; and in surviving partners after the death of another for the purpose of winding up the business, and in some forms (tontine) of life insurance. See Property: Joint Tenancy; Paktnership; Insukaxce. StJRYA, s^or'ya (Skt., sun). In Hindu mythology, the god of the sun in its physical as- pects. He is honored in the hymns of the Rig- Veda. (See Veda.) All creatures depend on him, for he drives away disease and upholds the sky. He watches over mankind and beholds their deeds. His father is variously said to be Dyaus, the sky, or Indra (q.v.), or Soma (q.v.). On the other hand, he is the son of Aditi or of Ushas (q.v.), who is also regarded in other hiuns as his wife, who bears the Asvins (q.v,). In later mytliology Surya is the son of the sage Kasyapa and Aditi. He married Sanjna, who, overpowered by his radiance, left him, substitut- ing for herself Chaya (Sliadow). When he dis- covered this, he prevailed on his wife to return, and at his request his father-in-law, Tvashtar, the artificer of the gods, ground off one-eighth of his brightness, from which were made the disk of Vishnu (q.v.), the trident of Siva (q.v.), and other divine implements. He is still worshiped on the first Sunday of the month of Magha (Janu- ary-February), although he has degenerated into a petty godling in modern times. Consult: Mac- donell Vrdic Mi/thologi/ (Strassburg, 1897) ; Wilkins, Hindu Mythology (London, 1900). SURYASIDDHANTA, sTJor'ya - sed - han'ta (Skt., text-book of the sun). The earliest Hindu astronomy that has been preserved. It is written in verse and contains fourteen chapters, furnish- ing a complete system which remains the chief authority in India for the adherents of the Hindu science of astronomy. The work has been con- siderably altered in content in course of time. It is probable that Greek astronomy exercised some influence over this as over the succeeding Hindu works on this science. The Suryasiddhanta has been published repeatedly in India, the best edi- tion being that by Hall and Deva Sastri (Cal- cutta, 1859). It lias been translated into English by Deva Sastri (ib., 1860). and by Burgess and Whitney in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. vi. (New Haven, 1860). Consult Thibaut, Astronomie, Astrologie und Mathematik (Strassburg, 1899). SU'SA (Lat., from Gk. SoOffa, Soiisa, Heb. ^hushuH, Vers. Shits). The capital of the Prov- ince of Susiana or Elam in Persia, a royal residence, and one of the must important cities of the ancient East. The site, 21 miles southwest of Uizful, in the modern Province of Khuzistan, is on a hilly plateau between the Abi-Kerkhah (the ancient Clioaspes) and the Shaur (the an- cient Euheus) (Map: Persia, C 5). It is marked by the .so-called tomb of Daniel, a pilgrimage shrine of repute, which in reality is a compara- tively modern Mohammedan mausoleum, and by the Kaleh-i-Shus (fortress or acropolis of Susa) with ruins that cover a space of about three miles and consist of three spacious artificial platforms more than 100 feet high. The name of Susa occurs on Assyrian monuments of the time of Asshurl)anipal (B.C. 068-620), who cap- tured it. At first under Babylonian dominion, it came, at the time of Cyrus, under Persian rule; and the Achtemenian kings raised it to the dignity of a metropolis of the entire Persian Empire. Wlien Babylon had risen again to importance under Alexander and his successors, Susa gradually declined. In the Arab conquest of Persia it held out bravely for a long time, de- fended by Hormuzan. During the Middle Ages it was still inhabited and known for its manufac- tures of sugar. Excavations by Williams, Loftus, Churchill, Dieulafoy, and others, have revealed a citadel of semicircular form, and the remains of the extensive colonnade, with a frontage of 343 feet and a depth of 244 feet, of the great palace huilt by Darius Hystaspis (n.c. 521-485), and re- stored by Artaxerxes Mnemon (B.C. 405-362). after having been ruined b5' fire in the reign of Arta.xerxes Longimanus (B.C. 465-424). Cunei- form inscriptions, friezes of lions and archers, finely colored, now in the Museum of the Louvre at Paris, and numerous other relics have been re- covered. Consult: Dieulafoy, L'Acropole de Siise d'ajyrcs les fouiUcs eiccutces en ISS-'i, ISSS, 1SS6, etc. (Paris. 1890-92); and Billerbeck, Su^a (Berlin, 1892). SUSA, srin'za (Lat. Segusio). A city in the Province of Turin, Italy, 32 miles by rail west of the city of Turin, on the Dora Riparia (Map: Italy, B 2). It has a triumphal arch 44 feet high, dedicated, the inscription reads, in a.d. S to Augustus. It was formerly of strategic im- portance, being regarded as the key to the Alpine roads over Jlont (jenis and Mont Gen&vre. Popu- lation (commune), in 1901, 4957. SUSA. A port of Tunis, on the Gulf of Hammamet, in the Jlcditcrranean Sea. It is 32 miles east-northeast of Kairwan. with which it is connected by rail, as also with Tunis (Map: Africa, F 1 ) . It is surrounded by old walls, and its lofty, ancient, and restored citadel is used as the French military headquarters. In the neighborhood are large plantations of olives and grapes. The roadstead is bad.- Susa is on the site of the Roman city of Hadrumetum. Population, about 12,000. SUSAN'NA (Gk. "Zovaama, Sousanna, from Heb. shushan, lily), History of, also known as The Judgment of Daniel, and as Susanna and the Elders. One of three apocryphal addi- tions to the Book of Daniel in the Greek Bilde. tlie others being The Song of the Three Holy Children and The History of Bel and the Dragon (q.v.). The story of Susanna is as follows; In