Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/866

SWINBURNE. "Ave atque Vale" (1868), in memory of Baude- laire. In 1805 Swinburne published Chastelard, a romantic Irajjcdj- on the fir.st period in the career of Mary Queen of Scots, lie continued her history in Bothicell (1874) and afterwards completed" it in Mary Slimit (1881). The im- posing trilogy is a chronicle history cast in dramatic form with no view to the stage. The poems thus far enumerated fairly represent Swinburne, his originality, his extraordinary conunand over hitherto unsuspected sources of melody, his i)assion and vehemence. ith occasional fall in power, Swinburne pro- duced Erechthciis (ISTO), a second and more restrained classical drama ; a second series of Poems and Ballads (1878); the grand odes to Victor Hugo; various beautiful sonnets; trans- lations from Villon; Songs of Two Nations (1875) ; Songs of the h'prinfftides (1880) ; Studies in Song (1880) ; Tristram of Lyonesse and Other Poems (1882), passionate verse haunted by the rliythm of the sea; A Century of Roundels (1883); A Midsummer Holiday and Other Poems (1884) ; Marino Faliero, a tragedy (1885); Locrine, a tragedy (1887); a third series of Poems and Ballads (1889) ; The Sisters, a tragedy (1892); Astrophel and Other Poems (1894) -/The Tale of Balen (1896) ; and Rosa- mund, Queen of the Lombards, a tragedy (1899). The earlier attitude of defiant revolt against the conventional social order, against kings and priests, prevented his appointment as laureate on the death of Tennyson in 1892, though he was acknowledged as the greatest surviving English poet. In his later years, however, the note of re- bellion was less violently sounded, and other feelings, characteristically English, the love of the sea and of little children, held a large place in his poems. As an artist in verse, by his un- surpassed command of all the resources of metric- al technique, he takes a unique position. He invented a number of new rhythmic forms, and used none of the old without developing new beauties in them. His chief defect was the natural outcome of his exceptional facility of utterance and impatience of restraint, which al- lows him frequently to pour forth long sequences of sonorous strains with but little regard to sense. In criticism Swinburne's attention is paid chiefly to the Elizabethan dramatists, though he has indeed made excursions elsewhere, not sparing contemporary singers. These es- says have been partially collected in Essays and Studies (1875), A Study of Shakespeare (1880), and Miscellanies (1886). Into his prose Swin- burne carried something of the passion of his verse. Notwithstanding the occasional exaggera- tion, into which this leads him, and much faulty reasoning, his conclusions are likely to be true. With wonderful insight he sees the truth, but deceives himself when he comes to state the way in which he arrived at it. His prose, too, has caught the alliteration, resonance, and imdulating rhythm of hi^ verse. Consult: Stedman. Victorian Poets (rev. ed., Boston, 1887) ; Theodore Wratislaw, Algernon Charles Su-inlitrne: a Study (London. 1901) ; and Shep- herd. The Bihlioffraphy of Sunnhiirne (ib., 1887). Also The Fleshhi School of Poetry (1871)— a pamphlet in Avbich Robert Buchanan attacked ■Rossetti and Swinburne — and Swinburne's reply in Under the Microscope (1872). 756 SWINE. SWINDLING. See Fraud. SWIN'DON. A municipal borough in Wilt- shire, Enghuid, 77 miles west of London ( ilap : England, E 5 ) . The old market town, the Sciudune of Domesday, is built on an eminence commanding fine views of the surrounding country ; its urban boundaries were enlarged between 1890 and 1900 to in- clude New Swindon on the marshy plain below. The old town, which received a charter for a fair from Charles I., still maintains the character- istics of an agricultural centre with corn and cattle markets. Population, in 1891, 90,350; in 1901, 94,500. SWINE (AS. swin, Goth, swein, OIIG. swm, Ger. Schu-ein, swine; connected with Lat. suinus, relating to swine, from sus, Cik. Os, hys, Av. hu, pig, OHG. s«, Ger. San, AS. sugu, si'i, Eng. sow, and ultimately connected w'ith Skt. su, to gen- erate, produce, or with Skt. sukara, swine, lit. sii, maker). The family Suidie, containing those cloven-hoofed ungulate mammals whose domesti- cated races are called liogs or pigs. The swine are closely allied to the Hippopotomida>, on the one hand, and to the Dicotylida; on the other ; the latter (peccaries, q.v.), indeed, are some- times included in the term in popular usage. The three families torm a group, Suina. Swine differ from liippopotamuses in their smaller size, in the terminal nostrils, and mobile, gristly snouts with which they obtain their food (large- ly roots and herbs) by grubbing in the ground. Each foot has four digits, two of which are functional, while the others, although elevated, are often useful in preventing the foot from too readily sinking into marshy ground. The}' are generally hairy, the babirussa (q.v.) being an exception. The dentition is complete and of the character exhibited by the accompanying illus- tration of a hog's teeth. The great canines form DENTITION OF SWINE. i, incisors ; c, canines (tusks); pm, premolars; m, molars; the nervous system of the teeth is also shown. tusks, which in the males (boars) become for- midable weapons; and in some cases (as the babirussa) are doubly developed. The food consists largely of vegetable matter, but may include tough roots, nuts, etc., and also flesh, fish, shellfish, etc. ; the stomach is simple, and there is no caecum (except in the peccaries). These animals are somewhat gregarious, often gathering into small bands, and some peccaries form large herds. The boars fight terrifically in competition for the favor of the females (sows), and valorously defend their young (which are usually striped) ; they are also courageous in resisting all foes, so that the hunting of cer- tain species afi'ords exciting sport. The pork is usually nutritious and palatable. The family is not large, and is mainly tropical in its distribu- tion. The SuidiT are confined to the Old World; the Dicotylidae to the warm latitudes of Ameri-