tip of a leaf, and the young larva, feeding at the tip, attaches bits of leaf to the midrib, thus stiffening its perch and preventing it from curling as it dries. Toward winter a tube-like case is formed along the midrib, and in this the larva passes the winter. The pupa is suspended to a twig by a silken attachment at its posterior end, and is characterized by a projection like a Roman nose which issues from the middle of the body.
VICH, vē̇k, or VIQUE. A city of the Province of Barcelona, Spain, on a hill-girt plain, 38 miles north of Barcelona (Map: Spain, G 2). Its cathedral, built about 1040, was repaired and modernized in 1803. Interesting pictures and sculptures are found in the Museum of Art and Archæology. Corn, fruit, and a poor wine are the products of the vicinity; the inhabitants are employed in weaving, and in the manufacture of hats, paper, and cotton goods. In the vicinity are mines of copper, coal, amethyst, topaz, and crystals. Population, in 1900, 11,146. Vich, the Roman Ausa, was afterwards called Ausona and Vicus Ausonensis, of the first part of which its present name is a corruption.
VICHY, vē̇′shē̇′. A town of the Department of Allier, France, on the right bank of the Allier, 69 miles by rail south-southeast of Paris (Map: France, K 5). It is one of the most famous of watering places, its numerous springs being annually visited by 60,000 persons. Vichy consists of the mediæval and the new towns and is almost surrounded by parks and gardens. In the old town are the Romanesque Church of Saint Louis and the Pavilion de Sévigné, now a hotel. Here Madame de Sévigné, who first brought Vichy into prominence, passed the year 1676. The attractive new town, on the north, contains a fine promenade flanked by the Casino and large bazaars on one side, by the main establishment of the baths on the other. The splendid Renaissance Casino is modern. The elegant thermal establishment is an immense edifice surrounded by a massive arcade, with a large annex on the west. It is owned by the State and leased to a company. There are yearly exported 7,000,000 bottles of Vichy water, the total daily supply being over 65,000 gallons. Salts, pastilles, and barley sugar are manufactured. The Vichy linen is made here. Population, in 1901, 14,254. The waters of Vichy were known to the Romans. It became a fashionable resort under the Second Empire, owing to the patronage of the Court.
VICIOUS INTROMISSION. In Scotch law, the assuming of possession or charge of goods and chattels of a deceased person without authority, as where a person takes such property before the will of the deceased owner is probated. Such a person corresponds to an executor de son tort in English law, and is liable in damages which may be caused by his acts.
VICKS′BURG. The largest city of Mississippi and the county seat of Warren County, 236 miles north by west of New Orleans; on the Mississippi River, and on the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley, the Alabama and Vicksburg, and the Vicksburg, Shreveport and Pacific railroads (Map: Mississippi, D 6). It is attractively situated among the Walnut Hills. The Federal Government building and the county court house are noteworthy structures; and among the prominent institutions of the city are the Charity Hospital and Saint Aloysius College. The National Cemetery here has 16,727 graves, 12,723 of unknown dead. Vicksburg is a conunercial centre of importance, being noted especially for its cotton trade, and in manufacturing it ranks second among the cities of the State. The leading industrial establishments include railroad shops, lumber mills, cottonseed-oil mills, and manufactories of machinery, carriages, shoes, etc. Population, in 1890, 13,373; in 1900, 14,834.
Vicksburg was laid out on the plantations of William Vick and John Lane, and was incorporated in 1840. It was strongly fortified in 1861 and was provided with a large garrison, which, after a long siege, surrendered to General Grant on July 4, 1863. (See Vicksburg, Campaign Against.) Consult a sketch in Powell's Historic Towns in the Southern States (New York, 1900).
VICKSBURG, Campaign Against. The campaign or series of operations in 1862 and 1863, during the Civil War, which had for its object the capture by the Union troops under Generals Grant and Sherman of Vicksburg, Miss. It was pronounced by Sherman ‘one of the greatest campaigns in history.’ The year 1862 had been fruitful in reverses to the Union cause, and the Washington authorities realized that, both for political and military reasons, redoubled efforts must be made to turn the tide. In the West the great territorial object was the possession of the Mississippi River, which in the autumn of 1862 remained in the hands of the Confederates, who maintained strong garrisons at several points below Memphis—the largest force, under General Pemberton, being stationed at Vicksburg. In October, 1862, the Union forces near the Corinth and Memphis line comprised about 48,000 men under General Grant. He decided to assume the offensive, and having concentrated (November 4th) a part of his command on the Mississippi Central Railroad (which in that vicinity runs parallel to the great river) at Grand Junction, prepared to move upon Vicksburg with an expedition down the Mississippi River under Sherman, and a force under his personal direction advancing by the way of the railroad. Sherman started December 26th with 32,000 men and 60 guns, reached Milliken's Bend, on the Yazoo River, twenty miles from Vicksburg, attacked the Confederate position at Chickasaw Bluffs (q.v.), and was repulsed with a loss of 2000 men. In the meanwhile Grant's communications had been cut by cavalry under Forrest and Van Dorn, the latter having destroyed the Union depot of supplies at Holly Springs, while the former tore up the railroads in Grant's rear, compelling him to retire and recall Sherman. The project of a combined land and water movement upon Vicksburg had failed through the cowardice or incapacity of the commanding officer at Holly Springs, who surrendered the post without striking a blow, and from the unforeseen strength of the Confederate position at Chickasaw Bluffs. McClernand, who had been assigned to command the river expedition from Washington simultaneously with Sherman's advance, but whose order miscarried, now assumed command. Escorted by gunboats under Admiral Porter, he ascended the Arkansas River to Arkansas Post. Here was a strong work known as Fort Hindman, defended by 5000 men and 17 guns under General Church-
