Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/191

VINET. 149 VINLAND. 1859); TMologie pastorale (1850; Eng. trans. 1852); UumileUque (1853; Eng trans. 18.53); Eludes sur la littirature fr<in(;ahc au XlXrme sicclc (1849-51) ; Histoire dr la UHrruture [ran- foi'.s'e au XVIIIeme siecle (1853) ; Moralistes des XVlimie et XVIIeme siecles (1859) ; Poites die siecle de Louis XIV. (18G2). Vinet',s letters were edited by Secretan and Kambert (Paris, 1882) and by Pressense (ib., 1890). There are bio^Ma|)liies by Rambert (ib., 1875) , Molines (ib., 1S90). and Lane (E.linl>nrgh, 1800). VINEYARD SOUND. A passage 20 miles long and S'-j to 7 miles wide 1)etween the Eliza- beth Islands, off the souDieast eoast of Massa- cluisetts, and the island of JVlartlia's Vineyaril (Map: Massachusetts, V 5). It is the cus- tomary course for coasting vessels. VINGT ANS APRES, vaN'ta?f'sa'pr&' (Fr., twenty years after). A romantic novel by Alex- andre Dumas (1845). It is a sequel to Les trois mousquetaires. the incidents it narrates being supposed to take place after a lapse of twenty years in the lives of D'Artagnan and his com- panions. It was, in turn, succeeded by Dix ans plus tard, ou le vicomte de lirageloiine ( 1848-50) . VINGT-ET-UN, viiN'ta'eN' (Fr., tw^enty- one). A card game of French origin, played with a complete pack of cards and by any num- ber of players. The cards have no rank, but, instead, have a counting value, all the court cards having an equal value of ten points each, and the ace reckoned as eleven or one at the option of the holder. The question of who shall be dealer and banker is determined by dealing the pack to the players one at a time, the first player receiving an ace becoming the dealer. The object of the game is to secure as near 21 as possible in the total pip value of the cards held. Each player deposits an equal stake in the pool, after which two cards are dealt, one at a time, to each player. The cards all dealt, the dealer first examines his hand, and if he has exactly 21 (called a 'Natural' ) exposes it at once and claims the pool; or. if they are playing for stakes, the players pay him twice the amount of their stake. Should another player also have a Natural, it is declared a stand-off. If, after examination, the dealer has not a Natural, each player in turn, beginning with the eldest hand, examines his hand to see how nearly its total value approaches 21. If he has a Natural he shows it immediately, and the dealer pays him double the amount staked, or he takes the pool or any other winning which may have been de- termined upon beforehand. When none of the players has a Natural, each player in turn may draw another card or trust his fortunes to the two already in hand, which are not shown under any circumstances. If a player desires to draw a card, the dealer gives it to him face upward, and if the pips on the card drawn, added to those already in his hand, brings his total greater than 21, he is creve, and passes over to the dealer his stake. The only skill required in the game is for the player to know what hand to stand on, and what to draw to. Macao is another variety of vingt-et-un, in which but one card is dealt to each player; the ace value is fixed at one, and court cards and tens count nothing. The number to be secured is 9 instead of 21. VINIEGRA Y LASSO, ve'nf-a'gra i- liis'sA, Sai.vaooh (1802 — ). A Spanish painter, born in Cadiz. He was a pupil of .fosf. Perez, and also studied under Hernandez and Villegas in Rome, which he made his home. His first im- portant picture was "Blessing the Fields in 1800"_ (1887), which, after lieing exhil)ited in Madrid and elsewhere, found lodgment in the National Gallery of the Spanish capital. Tliis was followed by several genre pictures of Spanish and Moorish life, brilliant in color and careful in detail, but more appreciated abroad than at home, Viniegra then painted "The Procession of the Dew" (1897), representing an Andalnsian re- ligions festival, which reestablished his popu- larity in Spain. "Before the Bull- Fight" is in the New Pinakothek at Munich, and "Prayer of the Bull-Fighters" in the collection of the German Emperor. VINLAND, or WINELAND. The name given to that part of the continent of America visited liy the Vikings of Norway. Tliis coast was sighted in 986 by Bjarni Herjulfson (q.v.), who, in attempting to reach Greenland from lee- land, was carried out of his course by storms and the Arctic current. The land was not ex- plored and named until 1000, when it was visited by Leif Ericson, who sailed along the coast from Labrador southward and gave the name of Wineland to one portion of the country because of the number of grapes he found grow- ing there. Leif spent the winter felling timber with which to load his ship, and when spring came returned to Iceland. In 1002 Leif's brother Thorwald visited the land and spent the greater part of two years in exploration. He attempted a settlement, but was attacked and killed by the natives, whom the Norsemen called Skrellings. In 1007 a ctdony of 160 men sailed from Green- land to establish themselves in the new land. They put up houses, but were discouraged by the persistent hostility of the natives, and after one winter returned to their own country. Occa- sional later voyages to America were" made in search of timber or for the purpose of fishing. The last which is recorded was in 1347. The Icelandic historian, Are the Wise, who wrote in the early part of the twelfth century, mentions the discovery of Vinland, and he is authority for the accounts dating from the three centuries next following. Rafn (q.v.), in his Antiquittttes Americanw (1837), sets forth such evidence as exists respecting colonization in America by the Norsemen. This work attracted great attention in America, and to it may be traced the extended popular belief in the .state- ments that the 'Old Mill' at Newport, the 'Digh- ton Rock,' and other supposed remains can ac- tually be ascribed to the Viking ' settlements. Professor Horsford, of Harvard, in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, revived in- terest in these settlements by a series of pub- lications in which he tried to prove that the Norsemen visited the Charles River above Boston. The actual sources of documentary in- formation are best given in Reeves's Finding of Wineland the Good (London, 1890). Consult also Anderson, America -Vo« Discovered bi/ Co- lumbus (Chicago. 1874); and De Costa. .Pre- Columbian Discovery of America (Albany, N Y., 1901).