which has saved thousands of lives, and the various other antitoxic serums (see Serum Therapy) are products of the same method of investigation. These benefits are practical, and from a humanitarian as well as a scientific point of view outweigh many times the pain inflictcd on animals and the destruction of animal life. See Paget, Experiments on Animals (London and New York, 1903); Leflingwell, The Vivisection Question (New Haven, Conn., 1901), and numerous articles in English and American magazines. The principal English antivivisection organs are the Zoophilist and Abolitionist.
VIZAGAPATAM, ve-zagu-pu-tam'. A sea-port and capital of a district in Madras, British India. 178 miles northeast of Masulipatam, at the mouth of a small estuary, on an inlet of the Bay of Bengal (Map: India, D 5). The harbor is shallow and small. Panjam cloth, bags, and carved and other fancy wares are extensively manufactured. The population in 1901 was 40,892, including a large
number of Europeans who reside in the suburb of Waltair. Vizagapatam came under control of the English in 1768.
VIZCACHA, See Viscacha.
VIZCAINO, veth'ka-e'no, Sebastian (e.1550-1615). A. Spanish explorer, born in Huelva. He became chief pilot of New Spain, and in 1596-97 attempted unsuccessfully to explore Lower California. In 1602-03 he explored and carefully surveyed the coast north of Cape Mendocino, discovered a bay, which he named Monterey in honor of the Viceroy, and dispatched northward from Cape Orford a vessel which sailed to 46° north latitude, and reached the mouth of a large river, probably the Columbia. The observations made by him on the California coast were used by Enrico Martinez in constructing thirty-two charts, which are still preserved in the archives of the
Council of the Indies. His reports on his two voyages to California were published by Torque-mada in Monarquia Indiana (Madrid, 1615), and the greater part of them can be found in Burney's Collection of Voyages to the South Sea (London, 1811).
VIZETELLY, Henry Richard (1820-1894). An English printer, publisher, and author, born in the parish of Saint Botolph, London. As an engraver he worked under John William Bonnar and Orrin Smith, and his best work was for an edition of Longfellow's Poems. With Herbert Ingram, the founder, Vizetelly was prominent in establishing the Illustrated London News in 1842. In 1852 he began the publication of books, and about this time he issued a reprint of Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was very successful. He
vigorously opposed the newspaper stamp duty and was sued for penalties amounting to $60,000 for publishing his newspaper, the Illustrated Times (founded 1855), without the stamp; his example was followed by other newspaper proprietors, the duty was abolished, and the penalties were not enforced. He was in Paris throughout its siege by the Germans, and subsequently published a description of events in that city entitled Paris in Peril (1882). Afterwards
he established a publishing house in London. He issued translations of Zola's novels, and, on the ground that these were 'obscene libels,' he was fined and imprisoned for three months. His brother Frank, illustrator and war correspondent, born 1830, was with the army of Hicks Pasha at El-Obcid in November, 1883, and probably perished in the Kashgil massacre. Several sons of Henry Richard Vizetelly achieved prominence: Edward Henry (1848-1903), journalist, war correspondent, and author; Ernest Alfred (1853— ), journalist, war correspondent, and translator, particularly of Zola; Arthur (1853— ), editor and translator; and Frank Horace (1864 — ). author and encyclopaedist.
VIZIANAGRAM, ve'ze'-u-nu-gram'. A town in the Vizagapatam district, Madras, British India, 30 miles north by east of the city of Vizagapatam (Map: India, D 5). It has a Maharaja College and a library. The city is the residence of a Zamindar or Raja, who controls one of the largest and most ancient estates in India. Population, in 1901, 37,270.
VIZIER, viz'yer, or VIZIR, vi-zer' (Arab. wazir, carrier of burdens, counselor, from wazara, to bear burdens). A title of State functionaries in the Ottoman Empire and other Mohammedan States. It was first employed by Abul Abbas, the first Abbasside caliph, about 750; in the Ottoman realm it was introduced by the
Sultan Orkhan (1326-59). Originally used as a designation of the Prime Minister, the title was conferred in 1386 by Amurath I. on his victorious general, Timur-tash. From this period the number of viziers was gradually increased. The Grand Vizier is, after the Sultan, the most important personage of the Turkish Empire: he
unites in his own person the whole powers of the State, and is charged with a corresponding responsibility.
VIZZINI, vet-se'ne. A town of the Province of Catania, in Sicily, Italy, 41 miles by rail southwest of Catania (Map: Italy, -J 10). It has a large fruit industry. Population (commune), in 1901, 17,704.
VLAARDINGEN, vlar'ding-en. A quaint old town of the Province of South Holland, Netherlands, at the mouth of the Meuse. five miles
west of Rotterdam (Map: Netherlands, C 3). There are a handsome church and town hall. It is a centre for the cod and herring fishery of the Netherlands, more than 125 boats and 1500 men being engaged in that occupation. Population, in 1899, 16,661.
VLACICH, vla'tsek. A German Lutheran theologian, who wrote under the Latinized form of his name. Matthias Flacius (q.v.).
VLADIKAVKAZ,- vla'dye-kaf-kaz'. The capital of the Territory of Terek, Russia, and a fortress of Northern Caucasia. situated on both banks of the Terek (Map: Russia, F 6). The river is crossed by an iron bridge. Population, in 1897, 43,843, chiefly Russians, Armenians, and Jews. The town was founded in 1784.
VLADIMIR, vla-dye'mer. A government of Central Russia, between Moscow and Nizhni-Novgorod. Area, over 18,800 square miles (Map:
Russia, F 3). It belongs to the Central Russian plateau and is intersected by deep river valleys which give the surface a somewhat hilly appearance. It is watered principally by the Oka and
its tributary the Klyazma. Iron, alabaster, and
