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WAGES. 241 WAGNER. cents imnipdialely before the Revolution, to forty-two aiui a iialf cents immediately after, and during June of 1891 the wayes of common laborers ranged from $2.rii) in Montana to 7.5 cents in the Carolinas and .$1.25 in New Vork." The ))recedin.a' table, showing the relative move- ment of wages and wholesale prices in the United States for a scries of years, is taken in its pres- ent form from the Report of the Industrial Com mission, vol. xix. The original sources are appended. The wages in Column C are taken for twenty-five occupations, representing build- ing trades, machine trades, and the higher grades of railroad employees, together with street labor- ers and teamsters. The wages in Column D are for 192 occupations. In each ease they have been averaged and compared with the wages for 1891, which are represented by 100.0. From these tables wages seem to rise rapidly from 1870 to 1893, and then to fall until 1898. BiBi.iOGU.PiiY. A large i)art of all systematic treatises on political economy is devoted to the theory of wages. Consult also Von Tluinen. Der isoUrtc Staat (Rostock, 1842-(i,3) ; Thornton. On Labour (London, 1870) ; Walker, The Wages Question (New York, 1876) ; Taussig, Wages <ind Capital (ib., 1890) ; Clark, The Dis- tribution of Wealth (ib., 1899). For his- tory of wages, consult: Rogers, Hix Centuries of 'Work and Wages (London, 1894); Giffen, Progress of the Working Classes (New York, 1885) ; and Wright, Industrial Evolution of the United States { ib., 1895 ) . Also Reports of the Labor Department of the British Board of Trade ; Rejjorts of the United States Depart- ment of Labor, and Reports of Jlassaehusetts Board of Labor Statistics. See Political Economy; Tr.vde-Unions ; Sociallsm; Labor. WAGMULLER, vag'nni-lfr, Mich.el ( 1839- 81). A German sculptor, born near Regensburg. He attended the industrial school in ilunich. and also the Academy of Arts. In 1808 he made the first of his many trips to London, where he executed busts of several noted persons. In all his sculptiring he showed a strong tendency toward the art of a painter, with his lifelike poses and flying draperies. Two of his most natural works are a maiden pursuing a butterfly, and a girl startled by the sudden appear- ance of a lizard. He executed a Liebig me- morial in the Maximiliansplatz at Munich. After Wagmiiller's death his bust of Liebig was per- petuated in marble by one of his pupils. WAGNER, v-ig'ner, Adolf (1835—). A Ger- man economist, born at Erlangen. He studied jurisprudence and political science at Giittingen and Heidelberg; in 1858 became professor of political economy and finance at the Commer- cial Academy at Vienna; in 1865 was made professor of statistics at the L^niversity of Dorpat; in 1868 was called to the chair of political science at the University of Freiburg; and in 1870 became professor of political science at the ITniversity of Berlin. In the same year he w-as made a member of the Royal Statistical Bureau of Prussia. From 1882 to 1885 he was a member of the Prussian Lower House. He was -one of the founders of the Verein fiir Soeial- politik. Wagner's literary work began with studies in finance, his doctor's dissertation being a mono- graph on the science of banking (licitriige xu/r I, (lire von den ISanken, 1857). In 1806 he pub- lished works on social and financial statistics. His work in economics proper began with a re- vision of Rau's Lihrhiiih der polilischen Oeko- ■nomie, appearing in 1875 and 1876. In later editions, the work, which came to bear no direct relation to the original work of Ran, was pub- lished under the title Lehr- und Handhurh drr politisehen Oekonomie, of which the (Srundlegung was Wagner's own work (1892-94), as well as the Finanzwissenschaft (in four parts, 1877- 1901, several revised editions of first three parts). The Grundlegung and the Finanzwissenschaft are the best known and most ambitious works of Wagner. In addition, he has published a long list of books and articles, chielly on practical problems of economics and social science. Wagner approaches economics from the point of view of jurisprudence and statistics. His ,method is mainly inductive, although in his (Iriindlegung he shows a marked tendency toward the deductive methods of the theoretical branch of economics. Although sometimes classed with the "Historical School" (see Political Econ- omy), he was vigorously opposed to the view that historical and inductive studies make up the whole of frii(fnl economic science. In his work on finance he manifests a decided predilection for the extension of State functions, and' has there- fore not infrequently been regarded as a Socialist; he recognizes, however, the weaknesses of the pure socialistic theory, and seeks to establish the proper limits of individualism and socialism. WAGNER, Alexander (1838—). An Hun- garian painter, born at Budapest. After study- ing for two years at the ^'ivnna Academy, he entered the school of Piloty in Mimich, won bis first success in 1859 with "Isabella Zapolya Tak- ing Farewell of Transylvania," and executed for the National Museum in Munich the nuiral paintings "Entry of Gustavus Adolphus into Asehafl'enburg" and "Marriage of Otto II. of Bavaria to Agnes von der Pfalz." The early development of his lu-illiant technique brought him such tasks as the frescoes in the Redouten- gebiiiule at Budapest. "Banquet of Attila" and "Tournament Between King Matthias Corvinus and Knight Holubar." and the two jiaintings ac- quired for the National ^luseum, "Death of Titus Dagovich" and "Castle Vajda-Hunyad with Mat- thias Corvinus and Hunting Train." In 1800 he became professor at the Munich Academy. Of his genre scenes produced since the seventies, with a special view to the spirited action of the horse, there are to be, noted "Csikos Race" (1876). "Post Near Toledo" (1879). "Picador in Bull-Fight" (1880). "Horses Driven Over the Puszta" (1880). "Return from Hay Harvest in Hungary," in the Municipal Gallery, Nuremberg, and others. WAGNER, vag'n.lr', Charle.s (1852—). A French moral essayist and Protestant clergy- man. After studying at Paris, Strassburg, and Giittingen. he served in several Protestant mis- sions in the provinces, went to Paris in 1882, and aroused general interest by his effective protest against the degenerating tendencies of Parisian literature and life in La jeuncsse (1893, trans.), Le courage (1894, trans.). La vie simj)le (1895, trans. 1901), and other volumes.