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WALLACE. 264 WALLACE. WALLACE, JoHX William (1815-84). An American lawyer, law-reporter, and author, the son of .Jolin Bradford Wallace, a prominent law- yer of Philadelphia. He was born in Philadel- phia, Pa., graduated at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1833, and studied law in his father's office and at the Inner Temple in London. In 1844 he became standing master in chancery in the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, was reporter of the Third Circuit of the United States Circuit Court from 1842 to 1853. and from 1863 to 1876 was reporter of the United States Supreme Court. From 1800 to 1884 he was president of the Penn- sylvania Historical Society. He published: He- porters, ChronolofiicaUy Arranged, imth Occa- sional Remarks upon Their liespeclire Merits (1843); Cases, Argued and Abridged, in the United States Supreme Court (23 vols.. 1864- 76) ; and An Old Philudelpkian, Colonel William Bradford of 1776 (1884); and edited British Crown Cases Reserved (1839-53). WALLACE, Lewis (1827-1905). An Ameri- can soldier and novelist, known as Lew Wallace. He was born in Brookville, Ind. He studied law in Indiana, served in the Mexican War, and then practiced law imtil the Civil War. He served as colonel of a regiment of Indiana volunteers in West Virginia in 1861. and on September 3, 1861, was promoted to the rank of lirigadier-general of volunteers. He took a pi'ominent part in the second day's fighting at Shiloh (q.v.), having failed to reach the battlefield on the first day, and in the subsequent operations about Corinth, and in 1863 superintend-.d the con- struction of defenses at Cincinnati, and protected that cit.y when it was threatened by a Confed- erate force under General E. K. Smith. Sub- sequently he commanded the ^Middle Department and the Eighth Army Corps, with lieadquarters at Baltimore, and on .July 9, 1864, with a greatly inferior force, delayed the advance of General Jubal A. Early (q.v.) at Monocacy, where, how- ever, he suffered a defeat. He was president of the court of inquiry which investigated the conduct of General D. C. Buell (q.v.) in November, 1862, and of the court which tried Henry Wirz, commandant of the prison at Andersonville, Ga. (q.v.), and was a member of the court which tried those charged with com- plicity in the assassination of President Lincoln. On retiring from the army in 1865 he resumed the practice of law in Indiana, was Governor of New Mexico (1878-81) and United States Minister to Turkey (1881-85). His popularity as a lec- turer was great throughout the country. Among his novels The Fair Cod (1873) and The Prince of India (1893) were highly estimated. Ben Hur (1880), a story of Palestine and Rome in the time of Christ, achieved an almost unprecedented success and was dramatized ( 1900) . Wallace wag also the author of The Boyhood of Christ (1889) and of a poem, The M^ooing of Malkatoon (1898). WALLACE, Sir William (c.1272-1.3051 . A Scot ell patriot. He was the second son of Malcolm Wallace, a small landed proprietor. His biog- rapher. Blind Harry, who lived 200 years later, had access to sources now lost and gives a very full account of the hero; but unfortunately his statements are in some cases self-contradictory, and in many cases improbnl)le. .Xccording to tli'is writer Wallace in his youth performed prodigious feats of valor in killing Englishmen. His first authentic appearance was iu May, 1297. John de Warenne was then ruling Scotland, as the representative of Edward I. of England, and Eng- lish sheriffs were placed over many of the shires. At the head of a band of about 30 men Wallace burned Lanark and killed the English sheriff. Many of the Scotch joined liis band, which he quickly formed into a well-disciplined army. He plundered Scone, drove out English priests and friars who held Scotch benefices, and after ravag- ing much of the country, laid siege to Dundee. An English army of over .30,000 was sent against him. At Stirling Bridge, September 11, 1297, Wallace, who had a considerably smaller army, won a great victory. Edinburgh and Stirling soon fell into his power; Roxburgh, Haddington, and other towns were burned. His success was so complete that before October 18th he was in- vading England. He harried Northumberland, ^'estnloreland, and Cumberland and returned to Scotland about the end of the year. For a few niontlis he was generally recognized as guardian of the realm. In the meantime Edward I. was preparing to reconquer Scotland. On .July 22, 1298, he inflicted a crushing defeat upon Wallace at the battle of Falkirk (q.v.). At lea.st lO.OOO Scots were killed and Wallace was forced to re- treat. From this time we have little knowledge of his actions. He resigned the office of guardian, went to France to seek aid, and may have gone to Rome, but the last is uncertain, as his movements from 1299 to 1303 cannot be traced. In the summer of 1304 it is certain that he was again fighting against Edward; he was especially ex- eluded from the general amnesty ofi"ered to the other leaders, and was outlawed. ' After many at- tempts to capture him had failed, he was taken by Sir John de Menteith in 1305. On Aucust 23d he was placed on trial in Westminster Hall. He was convicted the same day and condemned to be hanged, drawn, beheaded, and quartered. The sentence was executed on the following dav. Blind Harry's Life of Wallace has been edited frequently. The best editions are bv Jameson (Edinburgh. 1820) and Moir (Scottish Text So- ciety. Edinburgh. 1885-89). Consult also: Moir, Sir William W((llare (Aberdeen. 1886) ; Murison. Sir William Wallace (Edinburgh, 1898). Pauli, in his Cexchichte Englands (Hamburg. 1853), gives a good account of Wallace's services to Scotland. WALLACE. William Vincext (1814-65U An Irisli musician and operatic composer, born at Waterford. After being for some years leader of the orchestra of a Dublin theatre, lie emi- grated to Australia, and subsequently gave suc- cessful concerts there, as also in New Zealand, India, and America. In 1845 he went to Eng- land, and wrote his first opera. Maritana. which was an immediate success both in London and Vienna, and still holds the stage. Matilda of ITungari/ follow'cd in 1847. During a sojourn of .some years in Germany, Wall.ace continued his musical studies: and after again visiting North and South America, composed Lurline, which was brought out in London in 1800. with even greater success than Maritana. In 1861 he l)roduce(l The Amhrr Witch: in 1862. Lore's Triumph; and in 1863. the Desert Flower. Wal- lace died at the Chateau de Bages, in the south