Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/543

WHALLEY. 457 WHABTON. Parliament the petition of tlie army. When tho Restoration came, lie, as one of the regieides, fled, in company with his son-in-law, Major-(ieneral William Goffe (q.v.), to Boston. In KiOl they removed to New Haven, and in 1004 to 11 ad ley. Several attempts were made by tlie home Gov- ernment to secure their arrest, but all were un- successful. Consult Stiles, Historij uf 'I'hrve of the Ju(l(/(s of Kiiiy Charles I. (Hartford, 1794). WHANG-TI. An old spelling of Hwang-ti (q.v.). WHARF (AS. hwerf, breakwater, Icel. hvarf, shelter, OSwed. hinirf, Swed. varf, shipbuilder's yard; connected with Goth, huairban, AS. htveor- fan, JrE. wherpe, Icel. Iivcrfa, OSwcd. hvcrfra, OHG. hioerfan, iccrvati, werban, Ger. werben, to turn, go to and fro ; probably connected with Gk. KopjroXi/uAt, karpalimos, swift). In law, a Wharf is a structure cm the bank or margin of navigable waters to which vessels can be moored and from which they may be loaded and unloaded. Wharves are usually constructed by driving piles into the bank and bed of a body of water and covering them with a floor of planks, over which a sort of warehouse is sometimes erected it there is sufficient traffic to warrant the expense. A wharf should project out far enough to insure a sufficient depth of water on its front to render it possible for vessels to be moored alongside it at any stage of the tide. On the Western rivers in the United States it is common to build wharf boats which are moored to the banks of the river, and which, of course, are always ac- cessible at any stage of the water. This is ren- dered necessary by the fact that such rivers are subject to great freshets and extremely low water at different seasons of the year. Owing to a doctrine of the common law that the soil of tide waters between high and low water mark belongs to the State, a riparian owner along such waters cannot establish a wharf without permission from the State, as such a structure would otherwise constitute a public nui.sance. The State may grant to a city the permission to establish wharves upon its water front, as was done by the State of New York to the city of New York. In such cases a city may be authorized by the Legislature to condemn lands for the erection of public wharves, the revenue from which shall be paid into the city treasury. The number of public wharves, their locations, and the rates of wharfage which may be charged are fixed and regulated by stat- utes in most of the United States. WHARFAGE. A sum paid for the privilege of mooring a vessel to a wharf and loading or unloading her cargo, or for the storage of goods thereon before or after shipment. Wharfage may be charged for mooring a vessel to a natural landing. In most States the rates of wharfage are fixed by statute, and are a lien upon goods which remain in the possession of a wharfinger, and also upon vessels moored to a wharf if the charges are made for that privilege. Such a lien on a vessel may be enforced in courts of ad- miralty, and the vessel detained in the custody of a United States marshal unless the charges are paid. WHARFINGER (for *irhnrfn<ier. with epen- thetic n, from wharfage) . The owner or keeper of a wharf. The responsibility of a wharfinger for goods in his care is practically that of a bailee. He is only liable to exercise reasonable and ordinary care and diligence for the protec- tion of goods left with him. His responsibility begins wlien the goods arc delivered at the wharf, and ends only when they are delivered to a per- son duly aut:liorized to receive them. See Whakf- AGE. WHARTON, hwflr'ton, Anne Hollingswortu (184.") — ). An American writer, born at South- ampton Furnace, Cumberland County, Va. She was educated at a private school in Philadel- phia, devoted herself chiefly to the study of the social history of the Colonial and Revolutionary periods of the United States, wrote a number of entertaining books and magazine articles in this field, and was chosen historian of the National Society of Colonial Dames of America. Her pub- lications include: Through Colonial Doorways (1893); Colonial Dai/s and Dames (1894); A Last Century Maid (189.5); Life of Martha Washington (1897); Heirlooms and Miniatures (1897) ; Galons Colo-niul and Republican ( 1900) ; and Social Life in the Early Republic (1902). WHARTON, Edith (Jones) (18G2— ). An American novelist, born in New York, and edu- cated at home. In 188.') she married George Wharton, of Boston. Her published fiction, largely in the form of short stories, includes: The a I eater Inclination (1899)'; The Tonchstone (1900); Crucial Instances (1901); The Valley of Decision (1902), a study of the intellectual and social condition of Europe just before the outbreak of the French Revolution; and Sanc- tuary (1903). All Mrs. Wharton's stories are characterized by delicate and subtle psychologi- cal analysis, and by a careful and finished style. In 1902 she edited a translation of Sudermann's Es lebe das Lehen. WHARTON, Francis (1820-89). An Ameri- can jurist, born in Philadelphia. After graduat- ing at Yale College in 1839, he practiced law in Philadelphia until 185.5. He was professor of English literature, jurisprudence, and history at KenyoH College (Gambler, Ohio) from 1856 to 18G3, when he was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal Church and accepted a rectorate at Brookline, Mass. In 1866 he was called to the chairs of ecclesiastical and international law at the Cambridge Divinity School and Boston Uni- versity. From 1885 he was counsel to the United States Department of State and examiner of international claims, and in 188S was made editor of the Revolutionary diplomatic corre- spondence of the United States. This work, in course of publication at the time of his death, superseded Sparks's Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution. His best-known original work is A Treatise on the Criminal Law of the United States (184.6), which was long standard. Among his other valuable legal writ- ings are: State Trials of the United States Dur- ing the Administrations of Washington and Adams (1849) ; A Treatise on the Law of Bomi- . cide in the United States (1855) ; A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws, or Private International Law (1872); and various commentaries. He also wrote A Treatise on Theism and Modern Skeptical Theories (1859) and The Silence of Scripture (1867). Under his editorship was published in 1886 A Digest of the International