Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/565

WHISTLER. 477 WHITBY. appreciation so loii}; denied him was in his last years fully nietod out to liini. He was made lion orary member of the academies of Munich, Dres- den. Rome, etc., Knifjht of the Bavarian Order of Saint Michael, and in IDOO he received the f;old medal at the Paris exposition. He became the head of an important school, composed chielly of young Americans. During the last period, though his works were not frequently exliil)ited, his brush was by no means idle. Not the least interesting of those last works are the jiortraits of himself seated in his studio, and of his sister- in-law. It is perhaps too early to estimate Whistler's position in the development of art. He was es- sentially modern, and something of all the most modern tendencies of art centred in him, and yet he was absolutely independent of them all. An avowed realist, he dilFered from others in that nature merely supplied him the material for color harmonies. His paintings were often impressions, but, unlike the so-called Impres- sionists, he was not primarily a painter of light, preferring sad colors. He resembled the Jap- anese in the peculiar decorative character of his work, especially in the treatment of detail, and in a wonderful jjower of selection. The efl'eet of his work is subtle and dreamy, like that of a vision rather than of bald reality. Although he was a fine draughtsman, color was to him the chief factor in painting, anil not even Velazquez was a greater master of color values. His brush work was careful and painstaking, although in the fin- ished painting no trace of effort can be seen. The full extent of his influence is at present difficult to estimate ; but it has already materially afTected the French, British, and American schools. It is no exaggeration to say that Whistler was one of the greatest painters of the later nineteenth century, if not of all times. Wliistler's theories of art were so essentially cosmopolitan that it is surprising to learn from his friend Pennell. the etcher, that his ambition was for America, and that lie greatly wished his pictures to come into American hands. This wish was gratified, for in the public galleries in Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago, and in pri- vate possession in Connecticut, New York, Phila- delphia, and elsewhere, may be seen fine exam- ples of his work. BiBLioGR.iPHY. A Life of Whistler, author- ized by himself, is being written by his friends, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pennell. Of the numerous magazine articles published since his death men- tion should be made of those in the Xorth Amer- ican Revieiv, Les Arts, Gazette des Beaii:v-Arts, Magazine of Arts, Art Journal, and Brush and Pencil— aU in 1903. WHISTLER, or Siffleur. A large marmot (q.v.) of the Rocky Mountains, which dwells mostly in the open region above timber-line and is noted for its clear whistling note. It is closely related to the woodchuck. and. like other mar- mots, burrows deeply, and hibernates. Two species are recognized, Arctomys flaviventer from Texas to Northern Montana, and Arctomys pru- inosus from the Columbia River to Arctic Amer- ica. The latter is the 'siffleur' of the old fur- hunters. WHISTLER, or WHISTLEWING. See GOLDENEYE. WHIS'TON, Wii.LiA.M (1007-17.')2). A cler- gyman of tlic Church of England. He was born at Norton, in Leicestershire. He studied at home and in a school at Tarn worth until 1686, when he went to Cambridge, where he greatly distinguished himself, chiedy as a student of mathematics. In IfinO he took his degree, and obtaiwed a fellowship in 10!»1. In 160.'J he be- came chaplain to John Moore, Bishop of Nor- wich, and in 16Q8 was presented to the living of Lowestoft, in Suffolk. Meantime, in 1696, had appeared his Neui Theory of the linrth, a work which procured him a considerable reputa- tion. In 1701 he was appointed deputy to Sir Isaac Newton, and in 170,3 he was appointed to succeed him in the Lucasian professorship at Cambridge. In addition to the duties of his chair, he engaged in clerical work with much suc- cess as a preacher. The development of his theological opinions, however, led him into Arian heresy, and his avowal of his views at once in his preaching and his writings led, in 1710, to his expulsion from his professorship and the university. In the next year appeared the most noted of his original writings, An Historical Preface to Primitire Christianity Revived. His subsequent prosecution in the Church courts dragged along for five years, and in the end Whiston was permitted to remain formally a member of the Church of England., By many of the clergy, however, much dissatisfaction "was expressed. Having no regular means of liveli- hood. Wliiston was frequently reduced to great straits; but in the dissemination of his religious opinions he continued unwearied, and his pub- lications on the subject were numerous. He also busied himself with scientific investigations, and he was one of the first persons to give lectures with experiment in London. In 1715 he instituted a society in London for promoting primitive Christianity, and the meetings were held at his home. He died August 27, 1752. Of his many works his translation of Josephus is best known (1737; many subsequent editions). His Memoirs (1749) appeared during his life. WHIT'AKER. Nathaniel (1732-95). A New England minister. He was born on Long Island, graduated at Princeton College (1752), and was pastor of a church at Chelsea, near Nor- wich. Conn., until 1761. In 1705-66 he visited Great Britain with the Rev. Samson Occom (q.v.) to procure funds for the support and en- largement of the .school at Lebanon, Conn., under the care of the Rev. Eleazar Wheelock (q.v.) ; the foundation of Dartmouth College (q.v.) was one of the results. He was minister at Salem. Mass. (1709), and Norridgewock. Maine (1784). After 1790 he lived in Virginia. He published a number of sermons. WHIT'AKER. Ozi William (1830—). A Protestant Episcoal Bishop of Pennsylvania. He was born at New Salem, Mass.: graduated at Middlebury College, Vermont, 1856, and at the General Theological Seminarv, New York. 1863. He was rector at Gold Hill, Nev., 1863-65; Englewood, N. J.. 1865-67: and Virginia Citv. Nev., 1867. In 1868 he was elected Missionafv Bishop of Nevada and Arizona ; in 1886 Assistant ■ Bishop of Pennsylvania, and became Bishop in 1887. WHITBY. A seaport and favorite watering- place in the North Riding of Yorkshire, Eng-