Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/570

WHITE. 482 WHITE CROSS SOCIETY. of Man, and Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1857 entered the British consular service as clerk to the consul-general at Warsaw, was frequently acting consul-general, and in 1861 became vice- consul. In 1864 he was appointed consul at Danzig, and in 1875 was transferred to Belgrade as British agent and consul-general. In this ca- pacity he displayed wide knowledge of the Eastern question, and in 1879 was appointed Envoy Ex- traordinary and lUinister Plenipotentiarj* at Bu- charest, Rumania. In 1886 he was confirmed as Envoy Extraordinary at Constantinople. He ex- erted himseJf greatly to obtain the acceptance by the Great Powers of the annexation of Eastern Rumelia to Bulgaria. At Constantinople his knowledge _ of languages and of Oriental diplo- macy made him very successful. In 1888 he re- ceived the G.C.B. and membership in the Privy Council. WHITE, Sir Villi.m Hexry (1845—). An English naval constructor, born at Devonport. He was educated at the Royal School of Xaval Architecture; entered the construction depart- ment of the Admiralty: was professor of naval architecture at the Royal School of Kaval Archi- tecture and at the Royal Naval College in 1870- 81 ; organized and directed the department for building warships of the Armstrong Company in 1883-85; and in 1885-92 was director of naval construction and assistant controller of the navy. As director lie became the responsible de- signer of all English vessels of war. His works include: A Manual of yaval Architecture (5th ed. 1900) : Architecture and Public Buildings (1884) ; and A Treatise on Hhiji'buildinrj. WHITE ANT. See Termite. WHIT'EAVES, Joseph Frederick (1835—). An Englisli paleontologist. He was born at 0-x- ford, was educated there, and at London and Brighton, and made a special study of zoology and invertebrate paleontology. In 1861 he re- moved to Canada. From 1863 to 1874 he was scientific curator and recording secretary of the Natural History Society of Montreal, and from 1867 to 1873 made five deep-sea dredging ex- peditions to the Gulf and River of Saint Law- rence. He became a member of the Canada Geological Survey in 1874. paleontologist and zoologist to the survey in 1876, and subsequently an assistant director. His publications include important articles on marine invertebrates, on the invertebrate fossils of the upper Cretaceous rocks of Vancouver, and other similar subjects. WHITEBAIT. The young of any kind of herring or related fish, much in request in Great Britain as a delicacy. r THE WHITE BAflS. WHITE BASS, or White Perch. A striped bass {Koccus chrysops) of the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi region, which is silvery, tinged with golden below, and marked with narrow dusky lines on the sides. It remains in deep waters, and is good food. See Plate of Bass. WHITE BAY. See M.gnolia. WHITEBOYS. The name given to peasant associations in Ireland, formed after 1760, for the purpose of visiting revenge on landlords, tax collectors, and the clergj'. The members committed many outrages on the property and persons of those against whom they en- tertained grievances. Their depredations took place at night and those engaged in them were protected by blackened faces and white gar- ments. Similar organizations of a somewhat later period assumed the names of 'Hearts of Steel,' 'Hearts of Oak,' and 'Rightboys.' This form of popular ju.stice was personified under the name of 'Captain Rock.' WHITECAPS. A general name, derived from their disguise, for bodies of men in the United States who assume the function of administer- ing punishment for real or fancied offenses against the community. Their irresponsible acts r:inge from warnings to leave a neighborhood to outrage and violence. WHITE CEDAR. See Libocedrus. WHITECHAPEL. An eastern Parliamentary district of metropolitan London, England, originally named from a certain chapel within its limits. In early times all distances east of London were measured from this chapel. It is one of the poorest and most congested districts of the city. It is traversed by Whitechapel Road, and London Hospital and the Tower of London are within its limits. Population, in 1901, 78,758. WHITE CINNAMON. See Canella. WHITE COMPANY, The. A name assumed by various bands of thirteenth and fourteenth century freebooters. The first was organized and led by Folqnet, Bishop of Toulouse, for the purpose of slaughtering heretics in France. A second commanded by Du Guesclin received its name from the white cross worn upon each mem- ber's shoulder. In 1366 he led his marauding company into Spain to support Henry of Trasta- mara against Pedro the ("ruel. A third crossed from France into Ital}', and under the banners of Milan and Florence, or as indejiendent free- booters under tlic command of Sir John Hawk- wood, plundered the country until disbanded in 1391. WHITE CROSS SOCIETY, The. An or- ganization formed in England in 1883, having for its object the cultivation of social purity and the practice of ('hristi;in morality. The movement was introduced into New York City during the winter of 1S83-84 in connection with Die Protestant Episcopal ('hurch of Saint .John (he Evangelist by the rector, B. F. De Costa. The extension of the influence of White Cross piincijiles has been widely advocated by the heads of the American Church, and is at the pres- ent time closely associated with church work all over the United States. .V form of pledge prom- ising to treat women with respect and preserve them from wrong and degradation and to main- tain the law of personal purity is given by mendxTs joining the society.