Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/623

WILLIAM AUGUSTUS. 531 WILLIAM OF SAINT-AMOUR. was the third son of Kirif; George II., and was born in London, April 26 {IH}, 1721. He became Duke of ('unil)rrliind in 1720. He was intended by his father for the navy, and in 1740 saw some service in the Channel under Sir .John Norris, but in the same year he became colonel of the Coldstream Guards and thenceforth devoted him- self to a military career. He fou^jlit with dis- tinction at Dettingen in 1743, and, made eom- mander-in-chief of the British land forces in 1745, was defeated in that year by MarsliMl Saxe at runtcnoy (q.v.). The Uritish troops were now recalled to meet the invasion of the Young Pretender, and in November, 174.5, the Duke was placed at the head of an army of some 1)000 men to operate against the Highland forces which were then in the north of England. These he drove across the border. After the defeat of General Hawley at Falkirk (January, 1740), the Duke once more assumed command, took Stirling and Perth, and on April 27 (10) cruslied the Highlanders at Culloden (q.v.). He followed up his victory by sending detacliments of soldiery throughout the country to hunt down the fugi- tives, and, though he does not seem to have been guilty of the relentless cruelty with which he was charged and which gained him the name of Butcher among the conquered inhabitants, he doubtless did pursue a course of extreme severity. It was his desire to render all future uprisings impossible by wiping out the entire clan sys- tem. In 1747 he commanded in Flanders and was defeated for a second time by Marshal Saxe at LatTeld. ,Tuly 2d, becoming in consecpience ex- tremely unpopular at home. Ten years later he was placed at the head of an army of 40.000 men, composed largely of Hanoverians and Hessians, intended to cooperate with Frederick IT. of Prus- sia against the French. On July 20, 17.')7. lie was defeated by Marshal D'Estrfes at Hastcnbeck, and on September 8th he signed the convention of Kloster Zeven by which he agreed to disband his army, thus leaving Hanover to the French. The English Government repudiated these terms, and the Duke thereupon retired to private life. He died October .SI, 1705. WILLIAM JEWELL COLLEGE. An edu- cational institution under control of the Baptist Church, at Liberty, ilo.. a suburb of Kansas City, founded in 1840." It has three departments of instruction, academic, collegiate, and theological, and confers the degrees of B.A. and M.A. The attendance in 1003" was 350. when the faculty numbered 30, and the library contained 13.000 volumes. The productive funds of the college amoimted to .$400,000, and its property in land, buildincs, and equipment was estimated at $200,000. WILLIAM (or WYLLYAM) OP CLOUD- ESLEY. A famous archer and outlaw, in an old ballad edited by Bishop Percy. See CuM. WILLIAM OE HOLLAND (1227-56). Titu- lar King of Germany. In 1234 he succeeded his father as Count of' Holland. In 1247 he was chosen German King by the Papal legatee, and after he had besieged and taken Aschen he was crowned there in November, 1248. So strong, however, was the opposition brought against him by the supporters of i<'rederick II. that he re- tiirned to Holland. Upon the death of Frederick in 1250 William began to regain his influence, and when Conrad IV., who had gcme to Italy, died there in 1254, he was generally recognized as King by the German princes. He was killed in a liattle with the Fricslanders. WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY, miimz'- ber-i (c.lO'.iO c.Il 13). An early lOnglish historian. He was born probably in Somersetshire, and was educated in the monastery whence he derived his name, and of which he became librarian. Malmesbury's principal works, which are writ- ten in Latin, are De (lextix AVf/i/oi Anf/lorum, a history of the kings of England from the Saxon invasion to 1127-28; Uisloriw Novella:, a con- tinuation of the first, to December, 1142; De Ocstis Pontifinim AiKjlnrum, containing an ac- count of the liishops and )iriiicipiil monasteries of England from the conversion of Ethelbert of Kent by Saint Augustine, to 1123. The first of these was translated into English by Sharpe (London, 1815), and has been reprinted in Bohn's Antiquarian Library, under the editorship of Giles (1847). In addition Malmcsbury wrote a number of other works, including Lircs of Saint Dunstan and .Saint Wulfstan, and a work on the Antiquities of Glastonbury. Consult : Gray Birch, Life and ^VrHin<Js of'AVilliam of Malmrn- hurii (London, 1874); Stubbs's Prefaces in the I'olls .SVrics, which contains the best editions of the fir.st three works; Norgate, England Under the Angevin Kings, vol. i. (London, 1887). WILLIAM OF NEW'BURGH (113G-C.9S). An English chronicler, born at Bridlington, York- shire. He was brought up, lived all his life, and died at the Augustinian Priory of Newburgh, near Coxwold. in Y'orkshire. As far as we know, he never traveled farther from his priory than to the neighboring religious houses of Rievaux, Byland, and Finchale. His extant works show, nevertheless, a wide knowledge of ecclesiastical, political, and social affairs which must have come to him indirectly through the communica- tion which his house kept up with the great foundations of the Cistercian world. His works consist of three sermons and the great Historia Rerum Angliearum, which he undertook, so he says, at the request of the Abbot of Rievaux. The history covers the period from 1006 to 1108, and is a marvel of fair-minded and tem- perate writing. Even more than William of Malmesbury among all the Latin chroniclers he was the successor of Bede. Though his state- Tuents were often inaccurate, he bad such wide interests and such a well-balanced mind that his history is one of the most im]iortant records of medispval England. Consult Howlett. Chronicles of fitephrn. nenrii II., and Richard I. (Rolls Series, Loudon. 1884). WILLIAM OF SAINT- AMOUR, s.'iN'ta'- moor' ( ?-1272). A mediirval theologian. He was born at Saint-Amour, FrancheX'onite. By 1238 he was a master of arts and canon law at Paris; became professor in that university, and led the other non-monastic teachers in their opposi- tion to the Dominican and Franciscan Orders. Pope Innocent IV. interfered on the side of the friars, and eventually William was banished (1257). He went to Saint-Amour, and prob- ably died there. His most famous treatise is De Periculis yovissimortnn Temporum (1255), which describes the perils of the time as signs of the end of the world, and exhorts the prelates