Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/631

WILLIAMSON. 539 WILLIBROBD. America (1811) ; and a Uisluri/ of Xorlh Caro- lina (1812). WILLIAMSON, WiLWAM Crawford (ISlfi- 95). All Englisli naturalist, born at Scarbor- ough. In 1834 hfi presented his first work on the Mesozoie fossils of his native district to the London Geological Society. He hceame curator of the ilancliester Natural History Society JMu- scuni in 1835. He linislicd his medical course at University College, London, in 1841. He was inslruniental in founding the Manchester Insti- tute for diseases of the ear in 18.'J5 and was con- sulting surgeon there. From the founding of Owens College at Manchester in 1851 until 1802 he held the chair of botan}'. In zoijlogy he made valuable investigations of the development of the teeth and bones of fishes; in geology he studied the zones of distribution of Mesozoic fossils and the jiart played by microscopic organisms in the formation of marine deposits; and by his work on the structure of fossil plants established Brit- ish paleobotany on a scientific basis. His I'cDiiniscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist (1890) contains a nearly complete bibliograpliy of his writings. WILLIAMSON FREE SCHOOL OF ME- CHANICAL TRADES. An educntional insti- tution at Williamson School Station, Pa., 10 miles from Philadelphia, foimded in 1888 by Isaiah V. Williamson for the education of poor and deserving boys. Candidates for admission nuist be between sixteen and eighteen years of age, preference being given in the fol- lowing order: to natives of Philadelphia; of liucks, Montgomery, and Delaware coun- ties; of other parts of Pennsylvania: of New Jersey: of other States. The school is only for pupils who intend to follow for a liveli- hood the trades there acquired. After a mode- rate preliminary trial all who prove satisfac- tory are bound as indentured apprentices to the trustees for the term of three years from their entrance. In addition to the academic training, the following trades are taught, the selection be- ing made by Ihe trustees, and each scholar taking but one trade: carpentering, bricklaying, machine trade, pattern-making, steam and electrical en- gineering. The school and shops are in session eight hours a day for five days a week and three hours on Saturday, the proportion of shop work gradually increasing toward the close of the ap- prenticeship. The school term continues the entire year. The pupils live in families of 24 in distinct cottages. In 1904 tiie school had 11 in- structors, 212 students, a library of 2500 vol- umes, an endowment of $2 2.50,000, and an in- come of ,$98,000. The building* were valued at ,$3.SU,0U(). WIL'LIAMSPORT. The county-seat of Ly- coming County, Pa., 94 miles nortli by west of Ilarrisburg, on the West Branch of the Sus- quehanna Puver, and on the Philadelphia and Reading. the Northern Central, the Philadclpliia and Erie, and other railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, D 2). It is in a region of attractive scenery, and is well laid out. Among the prominent features are Dickin- son Seminary, the city hall, the United States Government building, the' Masonic Temple, the Scottish Rite Cathedral, and the Home for the Friendless. There are four parks — Brandon and Vol. XX.— J5. Vallamont, within the city limits, and Starr Island and Sylvian Uidl, within easy reach by trolley ami steand)oat service. Willianisport has foi- a long time been known for its extensive lumher interests. It is also an important coal- mining and industrial centre. In the census year 1900 the various manufacturing industries had .$9,803,811 capital, and an output valued at .$11,- 199,()00. Aside from the numerous lumber estab- lishments, there are large clothing factories, foundries and machine shops, tanneries, furniture factories, dye works, silk mills, and manufacto- ries of boilers and engines, boots and shoes, mir- rors, sandpa])cr, wire rojie, building, paving, and fire brick, stacks, tanks, band instruments, nails, radiators, sewing machines, woolen goods, heat- ers, gas and gasoline engines, ])umps, etc. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen every three years, and a bicameral council. Of the subordiimte ofiicials, the majority are elected by the council. The lioard of education, however, is chosen by popular vote. Founded in 1795 by Michael Ross, Willianisport became the county- scat in the same .vear, and was incorporated as a borough in 180(i, and as a city in 18(ifi. In 1850 it had a population of only 1015, but in that year the development of the lumber trade began, and the sulisequent growth of the city was rapid. Population, in 18;tO. 27,132; in 1900; 28,757. WILOilAMSTOWN. A town in Victoria, .ustralia, 9 miles southwest of Melbourne, on Port Phillip Bay (Map; Australia, GO). It is interested in ship-baiiding. Basalt and coal are mined in the vicinity. Population, in 1901, 14,- 083. WILLIAMSTOWN. A town, including sev- eral villages, in Berkshire County, jlass., 5 miles west of North Adam?, on the Cireen River, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map; Massa- chusetts, A 2). It is the seat of Williams Col- lege (q.v.), ojiened in 1793. Other features in- clude the public librarj' and Mission Park. Al- though primarily a residential place, Williams- town has a bleaching establishment, a cotton mill, and large freight j-ards. IMarket gardening is an important industry. The government is administered by town meetings. Williamstown was iH-rmancntly settled in 1753 and was called West Hoosic until 1705, when it was incorpo- rated under its present name, given in honor of Colonel Ephraim WiIIi;ims. Population, in 1890, 4221: in 1900, 5013. Consult: Perry, Orlf/iris in Williamston-n (New York, 1894) ; id., Williams- toirn and Williams College (Norwood, Mass., 1899). WIL'LIBRORD, WIL'BRORD, or WIL'- BROD, Saint (c.05S-73n|. The -apostli. of the Frisians.' He was born in the Kingdom of North- lUTiIu'ia, and began his education at the monas- tery at Ripon, near York. At the age of twenty he was sent to the schools of Ire- land. After a sojourn of twelve years in that country, he resolved to devote himself to the conversion of Friesland. In 090 he sailed with eleven companions, and arrived soon after the victory of Pepin of Herstal over the Frisians. They were warmly received by Pepin. Willi- brord. haing established the first beginnings of his mission, went to Rome in 692, whence he re- turned, with the sanction of the Pope, Sergius I., and continued his labor till 695, when he a^ain