Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/651

WINCHILSEA. 555 WIND. WINCHILSEA, vvin'chil-sG, Countess of (Anmk i-'i.Ncii) (c.lO(>0-17i20). An ]':n<;lisli poet. She was a daughter of Sir William Kingsniill, of SiiliMuntou, llaiu])sliire. Slic married lloneagc Kiueli, who became, in 1712, fourth Earl of W'iuehilsea. Rowe eomposod in her honor an 'epistle,' and Pope an 'impromptu.' When she had been forgotten for a long while, she was jiraised by Wordsworth, who cited her "Noc- turnal Reverie" for its original images of external nature at a time wdien descriptive jioetry was mostly artificial (essay append- ed to vol. i. of Pociim, 1815). Her verso consists of The Hptccn, a I'indiiric Ode (in r.ildon's MiKcrlhin;/. 1701; republished in 1709) ; M 'ntcrUanji I'ocm.i, including the tragedy jiristo- niriics (171."?): and scattered pieces. Consult Reynolds, The Poems of Anne, Conntess of Winch- ilseri (edited with introduction and notes, Chi- cago, 1002). WINCHILSEA, Paniel Finch, Earl of. See ElKCII, D.XIEL. WINCKELMANN, vinlccl-man, Jott.vxn ■Jo.vcillM (1717-I>S). An eminent German classi- cal archai-ologist and aj't historian. Born nt f>ten- dal, Brandenburg, on December 9, 1717, the son of a poor cobbler, he succeeded only through his in- vincible determination in picking up the elements of education as a charity scholar in the school of his native place, whence, in 173.5, he proceeded to the Kfillnisches Gymnasium in Berlin. From 17.18 to 1740 he studied theology and the classics at Halle, then mathematics and medicine at Jena, obtained a place as tutor at Hadmersleben, near Halberstadt, in 1742, and as associate rector in the grammar school at Seehausen in 1743. In 1748 chance brought him employment in the li- brary of the Saxon ex-minister and historian, Count Biinau, at Nothnitz, near Dresden, where he remained six years. His association with the eminent artists and scholars at Dresden and the valuable instruction and advice which he received there, especially from Oeser, determined him to follow that career which eventually revolution- ized the entire field of criticism on the subject of classical antiquities. Through the Papal nuncio at Dresden, Count Archinto, Winckelniann was converted to the Roman Catholic faith, in 1754. He now spent a year in Dresden solely devoted to his studies, and piddished his first work, Oedanken iiber die Nach- ahmting der (jnechisehenVi'erke in der Malerei und Jiildhauerkiinxt (1755), well illustrated by Oeser, which brought him a royal stipend for two years in Rome. In September, 1755, he set out for Rome, where he derived much benefit from the companionship of Raphael Ifengs, and then be- came librarian to Count Archinto, who in the meanwhile had been made a cardinal and Secre- tary of State. In 1758 he visited Naples. Hercu- laneum. and Pompeii, then spent nine months in Florence, cataloguing the unique collection of an- tique gems and intaglios of Baron Stosch, and assidxiously studying the works of Raphael and Michelangelo. After the death of Cardinal Archinto he be- came librarian to Cardinal Albani. the passion- ate art-lover and most famous collector of his time, under whose roof << henceforth lived as a friend and confidant. Repeated visits to Naples resulted in several publications which greatly VOU XX.— 36. contiibuted to the elevation of taste in the deco- rative arts, but his greatest work is the Ge- ■sfliiihlc der Kunst des Allerlums (1704, new ed., by .Julius Lessing, with biogra])hy, 1882) . Through it, and in tlic field of arclinjologj', through the Monutnenli aniichi inediti (17tJ7-08, new ed. 1821), Winckelniann became the true expounder of classic art and the founder of scientific archa;- ology. His views of the theory of the beauti- ful called forth Lessing's Laokoon and profoinid- ly impressed Goethe. In April, 1708, he left Rome in company with the sculptor Cavaceppi to revisit Germany, but in passing the Alps he evinced a strange reluctance to leave Italy, and was with dillicuity persuaded to proceed to Mu- nicli. At 'ienna he was received with honor by the Empress Maria Theresa. Hurrying on to Triest, he there chanced to make the ac- quaintance of one Arcangeli, a convict recently released, whoso cupidity he aroused by showing him some gold coins, the gift of JMaria Theresa, and who stabbed him f.atally in his room on .Tune 8, 1708, causing his death within a few hours. Consult his Life by .Justi (Leipzig, 1898) : aiso Vogcl, in Allgemeine denisehe liio- (traphie, xliii. (ib., 1898); John, Biographische Avfsalze ( ib.. 1800) : and Karl llillebrand, in ForinigJithj Hevicw (London, 1874). WIND (AS. wind, Goth. w-iwZs, . OHG. wint, Ger. H'iVi^, wind ; connected with Lat. ventus, Skt. vuta, wind, from r(7, to blow). Moving air. The direction of movement, if horizontal, is expressed by stating the point of the compass from which the wind comes. The force was for- merly expressed on some arbitrary scale, such as zero for calm, and four for destructive to large trees. In ISOO Admiral Beaufort introduced into the British Nav.y a scale of zero to twelve, arranged according to the amount and kind of sail to be carried by the standard ship of the Royal Nay. ( See BE.UFonT Sc.vle. ) Recently the United States Weather Bureau has adopted the rule that in oificial forecasts the fine subdi- visions once used shall be replaced by the follow- ing simpler scale of terms: DESIGNATION OF WIND Milp.s per hour I^i^^ht 1 to 9 10 " 19 Brisk 20 ■• 29 High 30 " 39 Uale ~ 40 '■ 59 60 and above The above figures are usually understood to refer to velocities as recorded by the Robinson ane- mometer during a brief interval such as one minute or five minutes, but without correction for the errors that are known to be peculiar to that instrument and by reason of which its records are from five to twenty-five per cent, too large. Ihstead of using the wind velocity, which is the datum specially appropriate to meteor- ology, many have attempted to measure the pres- sure against a normal unit of surface and thus obtain a scale of wind force. But as the pres- sure varies with the shape of the obstacle and the density of the air, it is generally conceded that velocities should be observed and pressures nnist be calculated therefrom as best we can. From a general meteorological point of view, winds are classified as steady, periodical, and