Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/656

WINDMILL. 560 WINDOW. power that will do any considerable amount of useful work. A 16-fo'ot mill will furnish 1.5 horsepower in a 20-mile wind (indicated) and 2.3 horsepower in a 2.5-mile wind. "A 12-loot steel mill and a 50-toot steel tower as commonly made weigh about 2000 pounds. A 16-foot steel" mill and a 50-foot steel tower weigh about 4250 pounds. The IG-foot outfit weighs more than twice that of the 12-foot, and its power is only 1.5 that of the latter. In addition, the 12-foot mill will govern more easily and is less likely to be injured in a storm than the 10-foot mill. In most cases, therefore, it is better to use two 12-foot mills than one 16-foot mill." "Steel mills," he says, "with few large sails, have mucli more power than the wooden mills with their many small sails." Mills should be placed on towers 50 to 70 feet high, in order to get them at least 30 feet above the tallest trees and buildings. Mills should start in as light a wind as corresponds to a velocity of four or five miles per hour. For information as to velocity and other phases of the wind, see Wind. Bibliography. Consult: Wolff, The Wind- mill as a Prime Mover (New York, 1885), a technical treatise; Perry, Experiments with Vfindmillx; Barbour, Wells and Windmills in Nebraska, Avhich contains a very interesting de- scriptive review of home-made windmills ; and IMurphy, The Windmill: Its Efficiency and Economic Use, also mentioned above (Washing- ton. D. C, 1899 and 1901, being Nos. 20, 29, and 41-42, respectively, of Water tiupplij and Irririntion Papers of the United States Geological Survey) . WTN'DOM, William (1827-91). An Ameri- can legislator and Cabinet officer, born in Water- ford, Belmont County, Ohio. He was educated at ilount Vernon (Ohio) Academy, was admitted to the bar in 1850, and in 1852 was elected prosecuting attorney of Knox County on the Whig ticket. In 1855 he removed to Winona, Minn., where he allied himself with the Repub- lican Party. He was a Republican member of Congress from 1859 to 1860, and was chairman of the important Committee on Indian Affairs. In .Tuly, 1870, he was appointed to the seat in tlio United States Senate made vacant by the death of Daniel S. Norton, and was regularly elected in 1871 and again in 1877, holding the position of chairman of the Committee on Ap- propriations. On March 4, 1881, he resigned his seat to enter the Cabinet of President Garfield a> Secretary of the Treasury. He resigned his portfolio after Garfield's death, and was at once reelected to the Senate to fill his own unexpired term. During the years 1883-89 he spent most of his time ui New York City, where he was in- terested in various financial cnteri>rises, and from 1889 until his death was Secretary of the Treasirry in Piesident Harrison's Cabinet. He was one of the early advocates of reciprocity and of the gold standard, and was a candidate for the Presidential nomination in the Republican National Conventions of 1880, 1884, and 1888. WINDOW (Icel. rindaiiga, window, wind-eye. from vindr, AS. xcind, wind -|- aupn, Goth. 01(170, OHG. ouga, Ger. Auqe, AS. ilafie, Eng. ei/e) . An opening in the wall of a building for the ad- mission of light and air. Windows are generally closed with glass, set in a frame called the sash. This may be of wood or of metal, and may be fixed or arranged to be opened at will. Com- monly the sash is in two halves, eitlicr hinged at the sides and meeting in the middle, as in 'French' and 'casement' windows, or sliding up and down in grooves, with cords and counter- balancing weights, as in 'double-hung' windows. Tile former are the more common on the Con- tinent of Europe; the latter in England and the United States. 'The sash is, however, sometimes pivoted so as to turn horizontally or vertically. When stained glass is used, it is set in small pieces held together by grooved strips of lead, and stiffened by iron bars. Large windows are often subdivided by fi.xed vertical bars or mullions of wood, metal, or stone, and one or more liori- zontal bars called transoms. A iay window or bow windoio is one or a group of windows set in a frame or structure projecting outward from tile face of the wall. A dormer is a vertical window lighting the interior of a steep roof. When the sash is made to lie in the slope of a roof it is called a ski/light; it may be fixed or hinged, or partly fixed and partly hinged. Egyptian. It is sometimes asserted that windows were practical!}' unknown until the Christian Era. This is a monumental error. In Eg3'pt windows were in common use; in ordinary houses they pierced the wall on the second story front and on the inner court. In temple archi- tecture they were rare, but occur at Karnak as clearstory openings in the hypostyle hall. In military architecture they were common, and in the palaces and villas of the New Empire were elaborate]}' treated with heavy stone jambs and sills, and lintels crowned with the character- istic cavetto cornice. The openings were pro- tected by wooden slats and shutters. In Baby- lonia and Assyria there was little use made of windows, though some reliefs show clearstories lighting the larger and loftier palace halls. Greek. In Greece windows were in use from prehistoric times, but remained quite simple rectangular openings, sometimes slightly smaller at the top: the window frame Avas of stone or of wood, as occasion required. i; some cases the windows are oblong and double, the lintel being supported in the centre by a pier. The decorative framework of the opening was often not real, but carved in the wall masonry, as in the beau- tiful Ereehtlieion window. The windows, when not left as mere ojicniugs, were fitted with grat- ings of wood or metal, or with shutters (usually of wood ) , or with both. Eo.MAN. The Romans made even more use of windows, with greater variety of form and in- creased richness of decoration. In private houses those on the streets were ordinarily small and simple (e.g. house of John and Paul on the Ciclian, Rotiiel, but windows of temples were often highly elaborate, e.g. in the temple of Vesta at Tivoli ; at Palestrina, surmounted by a cor- nice resting on consoles; and in the little temple of the Dciis Rediculus near Rome, framed wit.li rich ornamental carving. Under tlie late Em- pire round-headed windows became common, as at Tclnu'ssos in Asia Minor. Of extraordinary beauty are the windows of the Porta dei Borsari at Verona, which with their pilasters and gables undoubtedly served as models for the masters of the Renaissance. The great halls of the therma" were lighted by huge semicircular clear- storv windows, fitted with elaborate bronze