Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/673

WINLOCK. 575 WINNIPEG. he made many important improvements in astro- nomical instruments. During his professorship in till' navy Winluck wiis supiTititciidi'Mt, of thu American Ephi-tiicris and Xauticdl Almanac. He was nuuOi interested also in tlie observation of solar eclipses, and was the chief of several eclipse expeditions. WIN'NEBA'GO. An important tril)c of Siouan stock (q.v.) formerly residing in central Wisconsin, chicdy about llie laUe which bears their name, but now in part located on the Omaha res- ervation in northeastern Nebraskaj while the majority continue scattered among the whites in their old country. They call themselves Bochanka, Winnebago being their Algonquian name, originally a])plied to the lake. They are first mentioned in ItUO, and more than a cen- tury afterwards were prominent allies of the French against the English. Subsequently, in the Revolutionary War and down to the close of the War of 1812, they fought against the Americans, first under Little Turtle and afterwards under Tecumtha. By treaties between 1825 and 1S37 they sold all their lands east of the Mississippi and removed to Iowa. After several other re- movals, each disastrous in its effect upon the In- dians, they were finally located in ISOG on the present reservation in Xebraska, although in various ways the major portion contrived to find their way back to tlieir old homes, where they long remained forgotten and free from Govern- ment supervision. In their original condition the Winnebago partook rather of the characteristics of the Algonquian tribes of the lakes than of the cognate tribes west of the Mississippi. Their alliances also were with the lake tribes as against those of the west. They lixed in wigwams of wagon-top shape, covered with rush mats, which the women were very expert in weaving and dye- ing. They practiced a limited agriculture, but, aside from hunting and fishing, depended chiefly upon wild rice. They also understood the art of making sugar from the juice of the maple. Those still in Wisconsin continue to follow their for- mer habits of life to a great extent, very few of them engaging in civilized farming or other occu- pation. Those upon the reservation in Xebraska are reported to be retrograding, a condition as- cribed largely to the evils of the lease system by which they are assured of a living without work- ing. The Winnebago in 1822 — before the great smallpox epidemic of 1830, which carried off almost one-fourth of tliem — were estimated at 5800. They number now about 2.540, of whom 1140 are on the reservation, the rest in Wis- consin. WINNEBAGO (.lgonquian, dirty or cloudy water). A large lake in the eastern part of Wis- consin (Map: Wisconsin, E .5). It is 28 miles long, from 3 to 11 miles wide, and discharges northeastward into Green Bay through the Fox River. It is navigated hy steamers, and there are a number of towns on its banks, the largest being Oshkosh and Fond du Lac. WIN'NEE, Septimi-s (1S27- 10021. An American musician, born in Philadelphia, Pa. In 18.53 he opened a music store in Philadelphia. He became prominent in the city's musical enter- prises, at various times acting as secretarv of the Board of !Music Trade, manager of the Phila- delphia Musical Fund, and editor of the music department of Peterson's Magazine. His na- tional reputation was first gained by his "How Sweet are the Roses" (1850), "What is Home Without a .Mother" (1S54). "Listen to the Mocking Bird" (1855), and other songs and bal- lads of a sentimental nature, written under vari- ous pseudonyms, such as "Alice Hawthorne," "Percy Guyer," and "Paul Stenton." During the Civil War his patriotic simgs had a great in- fluence' upon public sentinu'nt. Ills "Give Me Back Our Old Commander" caused his imprison- ment for criticising the removal of (ieneral .Me- Clellan from command of the Army of the Po- tomac; and "God Save Our President," written during Garfield's illness in ISSl, was also popu- lar. He was equally well known for his "Gems of the Opera" and other similar series contain- ing operatic airs arranged for various combina- tions of instruments, and for the many instruc- tion manuals which he published under the gen- eral title "Se[). Winner's Methods." WINNINISH (Canadian French Oiiananiche, from the Xorth American Indian name). A variety of the common salmon [Salmo salar, vari- ety oiiananiche) , of the Saguenay River, Quebec, and neighboring waters, "Though smaller than the ordinary salmon, averaging 3% pounds, it is extremely vigorous and active, and very high in the favor of anglers. Jordan and some recent ichthyologists rank it as a species.. WIN'NIPEG. A lake in the provinces of Manitoba, Keewatin, and Saskatchewan, Canada, lying 00 miles north of the State of Minnesota, and about 350 miles northwest of Lake Superior (ilap: Manitoba, K 4) , It is 275 miles long and from 40 to 60 miles broad, has an area of 0000 square miles, and lies 710 feet above sea-level. Its greatest depth is 70 feet. It is connected by navigable channels with lakes Winnipegoosis and Manitoba, which lie to the west and extend almost parallel with it. Of its tributaries the largest is the Sask<atehewan (q.v.). The Winnipeg River. 300 miles long, and flowing in a north- westerly direction, connects the Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake with Lake Winnipeg, The Red River and its great branch, the Assiniboine, discharge their waters at the southern extremity of Lake Winnipeg, Xelson River, issuing at the north end of Lake Winnipeg, is its principal out- let, and connects it with Hudson Bay. A few Icelandic colonies to the southwest and some scattered posts of the Hudson's Bay Company are the only settlements on its banks. The white- fish of the lake are considered unexcelled. WINNIPEG. The capital of the Province of ^Manitoba, Canada, situated at the confluence of the Red arul Assiniboine rivers, the two principal streams of the province, 1424 miles west of Montreal, in latitude 40° 56' X. and longitude 07° 7' W. (ilap: Manitoba, K 5). Through the Red River there is access to Lake Winnipeg. The city is regularly laid out, except the old part contiguous to Fort Garry. River Avenue is a favorite driving bou- levard. The principal residential portion of the city is south of Portage Avenue, but there are many handsome residences in Fort Rouge, the part of Winnipeg south of the Assiniboine. The city is the headquarters of the provincial Govern- Tuent, and has the residence of the Lieutenant Governor, the Parliament house, and the public departments of the province. The city hall is