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WITTHATIS. 607 WODROW. cological expert in several famous criminal cases. His pulilieations iiicliule: L'sscniials of Vlicinistry (187'J); Miinuul uf Chemistry (187'J); General Medical Chcmintry (1S81); and Laboratory Ouide in Urinals and Toxicoloyy (18811). With T. C. Becker he also edited Medical Jurispru- dence, Forensic Medicine, and Toocicoloyy (18!)(i), to which he contributed a large part of the ma- terial. WITTIG, vit'tiG, ArausT (182.3-93). A Ger- iiuni sculptor, born at Meissen. He was a pupil of Rietsehel at Dresden and subsequently stiidied in Florence and Rome (1850-63). In lS(i4 he was appointed professor at the Diisseldorf Academy. His principal works include a "Caritas with Three Children" (18.51); the heroic size statue of a "Huntsman" (18i)2) ; "Hagar and Ishmacl" (1853), executed in marlile (1871), for flie Na- tional Gallery, Berlin: "Pietu" (1858) : the two excellent reliefs of "Entombment" (18(iO) and "Loreley" (1860) ; the colossal busts of "Wilhelm von Schadow" (1801M, in the Schadowplatz at Diisseldorf, and of "Cornelius" (1875), in the National Gallery, Berlin ; and the statues of "Apostles Peter and Paul," in the Basilica at Treves. WITTY FAIR ONE, The. A comedy by .Tames Shirley (q.v.), licensed in London October 3, 1028, printed in lti33, and revived on the stage in 1661. WITXT, ve'tuo. A former sultanate on the east coast of Africa, between 2° and 3° south latitude, forming a part of the Tanaland Prov- ince of the British East Africa Protectorate. The area is about 550 square miles and the pO]iulation about 10.000. mostly Swahili. Yitu lias a good harbor in Manda Bay. From 1885 to 1800 the district was a German protectorate. WITWATERSRAND, vit-vii'ters-rant ( South African Dutcli. White-Waters Range). A gold- mining district in the southern part of the Transvaal, the most prodiictive in the world, extending some 40 miles along a low range of hills known by the same name (Jlap: Transvaal Colony, E 5). The gold-bearing conglomerate or 'banket' was first discovered in 1885, and ac- tive mining operations began two years later, when the output amounted to 23.000 oinices of gold. Since this date the development of the gold mines has jiroceedcd very rapidly, as is well shown by the growth of the town of Johannes- burg, which is situated near the centre of the district and which in 1890 contained about 100,- 000 inhabitants. The gold is found in certain mineralized beds called 'reefs' formed of quartz pebbles cemented by silica, iron oxides, and pyrites. In the principal series of deposits there are as many as three separate auriferous beds which have an aggregate width of five to six feet and carry about one-half an ounce or .$10 per ton in gold. While the ore is low-grade, the great ex- tent of the deposits both laterally and in depth has permitted its exploitation on a large and very profitable scale. In 1899 there were 79 mines en- gaged in productive operations, and the year's output of gold amounted to 4,008,320 crude ounces, valued at over $71,000,000. With the outbreak of the Boer War in October of that year most of the mines suspended work, and operations since have been conducted on a much smaller scale. Up to the end of 1902 the total output of the Witwatersrand was 24,755,000 ounces, valued at about .$440,000,000. It has been estimated by higli authorities that the de- posits lying within OOOO feet of the surface will yet produce gold to the value of $0,000,000,000, and there is every probability that mining will be carried on below that depth. No other district in the world is known to have such enormous stores of gold. See Tu. .sva.l; Gold. WIT WITHOUT MONEY. A comedy by Fletcher, produced about August, 1614, ' and printed in l(i3!). The hero, Valentine, determines to live by his wits alone, and loses his jiroperty, but is consoled liy an attractive' widow. WIZARD OF THE NORTH. A title fre- quently given to Sir Walter Seott. WOAD (AS.- wad, waad, OIIG. weit, Ger. ll'»ir/. Wait, woad; connected with Lat. vitrum, woad), Isalis. A small genus of plants of the natural order Crucifera', mostly natives of the iMediterranean region. Dyer's woad (Isaiis tine- toria) is a biennial herb about three feet high, with much-branched leafy stems and small yel- low fiowers. It was formerly cultivated for its large root-leaves, which furnish a blue dye now largely replaced by indigo. The leaves when cut are reduced to a paste, fermented in heaps for about two weeks, and then formed into balls for sun-drying. These balls, which have an agreeable odor and are blue internally, are subjected to a further fermentation before being used. Even by itself woad yields a good and very permanent blue, but it is generally used with indigo. It is supposed to be the dye with which the I'icts painted their liodies. WOADWAXEN. See D-j-ee's Beoom. WOBURN, woo'bfirn. A city in Middlesex County, Mass., 10 miles north-northwest of Bos- ton, on the Boston and Maine Railroad (ilap: Massachusetts, E 3). It is attractively laid out and has many handsome residences, a large num- ber of Boston business men making their home here. The Public Library is the most noteworthy building in the city. It contains about 42,000 volumes and a valuable art collection. The in- dustrial interests of Woburn are chiefly confined to the manufacture of leather. Under the charter of 1808, the government is vested in a mayor, chosen annually, and a unicameral council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Woburn was settled as 'Charles- ton Village' in 1640; was incorporated as a town in 1042; and was chartered as a city in 1888. From its original territory several townships have been created. Woburn was the birthplace and early home of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford. Population, in 1890, 13,499; in 1900, 14,254. Consult: Sewall, History of ^^'ohurn (Boston. 1808) ; and Kurd, History of Middlesex County (Philadelphia, 1890). WODE'HOUSE, John, Earl of Kimberley. See KniBEKLET. WODEN, vO'dcn. See Oom. WODROW, wud'ro, Robebt (1679-1734). A Scotcli ecclesiastical historian, born at Glas- gow, and educated at the university there. At an early age he devoted a considerable por- tion of his time to historical researches, and was appointed librarian to the university (1697-