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WOODBURN. 630 WOODCHTICK. ment (1.903); and Political Parlies and Party Problems in the United Utatcs (1903). WOOD'BUBY. The county-seat of (Jloucester County, X. J., eight miles south of PhiUidelphia, Pa., on the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad (Map: New Jersey, B 4). The principal manu- factures are pianos, jiatent medicines, and glass, including cut glass. The Deptford Institute Free Library here has more than 5000 volumes. Tlie water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 3911; in 1900, 4087. WOODBURY, Daniel Phineas (1812-64). An American soldier, born at Kew London, N. H. He graduated at West Point in 1836, entered the artillery, and until 1840 served as assistant en- gineer in building the Cumberland Road (q.v.). From 1847 to 18.50 he was superintending en- gineer of tlie construction of Forts Kearny and Laramie, but in 1851 he was recalled to the East. In 1801 he was promoted to be major of engineers and lieutenant-colonel on the staff. He fought at the first battle of Bull Run, and after the re- treat of the Federal forces was engaged until March, 1862, upon the defenses of Washington. He then commanded the Engineer Brigade during the Peninsular campaign. From December, 1862, to March, 1863, he participated in the Rappahan- nock campaign, and at the battle of Frcilericks- burg he earned the brevet of brigadier-general in the Regular Army. In March, 1863, he was ap- pointed commandant of the district of Key West and the Tortugas, where he died of yellow fever on August 15, 1864. He published works on Sustaininri Walls (1845) and the Theory of the Arch (1858). WOODBURY, Levi (1789-1851). An Ameri- can juri.st, born at Francestown, N. H. He grad- uated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1812. In 1816 he was elected clerk of the State Senate, and near the close of the year he became judge of the State Su- perior Court. He was elected Governor of New Hampshire in 1823, and in 1825 was Speaker of the Lower House of the State Legislature. In the same year he was elected to the United States Senate, and soon became closely allied politically with Andrew Jackson. From 1831 to 1834 he was Secretary of the Navy in Jackson's Cabinet, and from 1834 to 1841 was Secretary of the Treasuiy, being retained in that office by Presi- dent Van Buren. In 1841 he was again elected to the L'nited States Senate, but resigned in 1845 to become an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court as the successor of Joseph Story (q.v.). His Political, .hidicial, and Liter- ary 'Writin'fs were edited bv N. Capen (Boston, 1852). WOODBURY PROCESS. See Piiotogkapiit. WOOD-CARVING. A very early form of sculpture. Vhile practically unknomi in the Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, and other styles of Western Asia, it was fairly common in very early Egyptian sculpture. Some of the most realistic portrait and genre statues of the An- cient Empire were carved in wood, .such as the so-called ".Sheikh-el-Bcled" and his wife, and a number in the Bulak Museum (now removed to Ghizeh). Wood was a convenient ground for the polychromatic decoration so popular with Egj'ptian artists. It was from Egypt that primitive Greek sculp- ture doubtless derived its first incentive to carve wood, which was probably the earliest form of archaic sculpture. The D^dalian and kindred schools used wood; and its connection with early sacred images led to the preservation of worship of many early wooden statues. The later Greeks- and the Romans used it comparatively little, but one of the most remarkable works of early Christian sculpture are the carved wooden doora of Santa Sabina, Rome. When wood-earving was revived in the eleventh century it was practiced especially in the North of Europe (Scandinavia, Germany, and part of France ) . The material was not only used in its native simplicity, but was covered with canvas or cloth, stuccoed and painted. Among the earliest Romanesque pieces are colossal wooden crucifix- ions in the Cluny and Louvre museums. Church furniture employed wood, and in Flanders and Germany especially altar-pieces, triptychs, sta- tion reliefs, passion crosses, and other monu- mental works were multiplied to such an extent that wood-carvings formed the most important part of German sculpture during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and stone sculpture was- influenced by it. It came to delight in most won- derfully intricate or realistic details of handling. The art had its great masters, like Wohlgemuth, Veit Stoss, Hans Briiggemann. and Jan Borman, and its centres were Flanders, the Rhine region, and Franeonia (especially Nuremberg). In the modern wood-carvers of primitive German dis- tricts, such as Tyrol, we find survivals of these old schools. The Italian Renaissance used wood-carving in very different fashion. Its masterpieces were the elaborate choir stalls, in such superb ex- amples as those at San Pietro, Perugia, at the Cathedral of Orvieto, and at Santa Giustina in Padua. In France it was also the choir stalls and screens that were the masterpieces of the art. as at Bouen, supplemented by carved doors. In Italy, also, minor works of industrial art, such as carved wedding chests, were raised to quite a high artistic level. Occasionally in North Italy (Lombardy and Piedmont) carved wood altar- pieces occur, but not often enough to show any general movement in figured carving correspond- ing to that farther north. One of the specialties in Italy was the carving of elaborate ceilings, such as that of the halls in the Palazzo Vecehio and that of the Laurent ian Library at Florence. The carved lecterns of this time are very beauti- ful as coniiiletiiig the choir decoration. Consult: Williams, History of the Art of Scidpture in Wood (London, 1835) ; Rogers, Art of Wood-Carving (ib.. 1867) ; Hcfner-.Uten- eck. Ornamcnte dcr Ilol-slculptur (Fraidvfort, 1881-82) ; Lcssing, Hohschnitxereien des -/•). and 16. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1882) ; Stockbauer, Die Ilohsehnilzerei (Leipzig, 1887) ; Bode. (Ic- schichte dcr dcKtschen I'lastilc, (Berlin, 1887); Metzger, Ilundhneh der nohbildhatierci (Weimar, 1892) : and De Lostalot. Lcs arts dii hois (Paris. 1893). WOOD-CHAT. An African shrike (Laniiis rvfns) . fi-c(|icntly seen in Southern Europe. WOODCHUCK (corruption of «t/«c/,-. irrc- jac!:. from Cree Indi.m nf chock ; influenced by popular etymology willi I'hig. iroiid) . oi' (iHorND- Hoo. A species of marmot (Arrtonu/s tnnnax) inhabiting North . ierica, from Hudson Bay to