Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/749

WOODWABD. 639 WOOD-WORKING MACHIiraaY. graduated from the medical school of the Uni- versity of I'lnnsylvania in 1853, and practiced in Pliiladelpliia and taufzlit in the I'niversity of I'ennsylvania until ISlil. He then became assist- ant surgeon in the United States Army, and served throughout the war, receiving the brevets of captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel. In July, 18(i(i, he was commissioned captain and assistant surgeon in tlic Kcgular Army, and in 1870 was promoted surgeon with the rank of major. He did much to develop medical micro- scopy. His inventions include an inslrumont for detecting myopia or other abnormal conditions of the eye. He puldishcd works on photographic micrometry; Oiilliiic of ike Chief Camp Discdfics of the Vi'ntfd Xldtes Annies (18U3): and Tho Medical and Hur<jical History of the M'ar of the Rebellion (2 vols., 1870-79). WOODWARD. Robert Simpson (1840—). An American physicist and mathematician, born at Rochester. Jlicli. He graduated at the Uni- versity of ilicliigan in 1872 and w'as appointed assistant engineer on the United States Lake Survey. In 1882 he became assistant astron- omer to the United States Transit of Venus Commission, serving with Professor Asaph Hal! at the San Antonio, Texas, station. In 1884 he resigned to become astronomer to the United States Geological Survey, serving until 1888, when he became assistant in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. In 1893 he was called to Columbia University as professor of mechanics and subsequently became professor of mathematical physics as well. In 189.5 Dr. Woodward was made dean of the faculty of pure science, a position he at present holds, and he also became president of the New York Academy of Sciences, of the American Mathematical Society, and of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. He carried on researches and published papers in many departments of astronomy, geodesy, and mechanics. He edited the first report of the United States Lake Survey and was the author of several important chap- ters in this large volume. In the course of his work with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey he devised and constructed the 'iced bar and long tape base apparatus,' which enables a base line to be measured with greater accuracy and with less expense than by methods previous- ly employed. Professor Woodward's work on the composition and structure of the earth and the variation of latitude has found expression in a number of valualde papers. In 1894 a volume of OeociraphictiJ Tables, which had Ijcen prepared by Proifessor Woodward, was piVilished by the Smithsonian Institution. WOODWARD, S.MrEL Pickworth (1821- 05). An English naturalist, born at Xorwich. He served for a time as curator to the Geological Society of London, and in 1845 was appointed professor of geology and natural history in the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester. In 1848 he became assistant in geology and min- eralogy' in the British Museum. He made a special study of invertebrate paleontology, con- tributing numerous papers on this subject to geological magazines. * His best known work, Manual of the MolUisca: or Ttudimrntarii Treat- ise of Recent and Fossil f^hclls (1851-5G), has passed through several editions. WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. Under this hcail niay i)e emlnaccd the 'ari<ius macliines by means of which hnaber as cut in the forest is reduced to standard dimensions and then made into pieces ready for immediate use, such as boards, trim, doors, saslies, Ijoxes, etc. As the lumber advances through consecutive operations the machinery employed becomes more and more specialized, and many ingenious and involved ma- chines such as those for making l)arrels, wheels, chairs, and other similar olijects are required. A general division of wood-working tools may be made into those operating (a) liy scission or cleaving, such as saws of various kinds; (b) by paring, as the planers, surtacers, matchers, etc.; (c) by combining the two foregoing princijilcs, as in the case of lathes, boring macliines, mortisers, and gaining machines; (d) by abrading or grind- ing, as sandpajiering and similar finishing ma- chines. Considering now a few essential forms of wood- working nnichines more specifieally, we have first the sans, which are discussed under that head, but which may briefly be considered here. Rather than have the forest lumber cut by the log saws, it is preferable, for reasons of economy, to have it squared and then resawcd at the mill. For this purpose vertical reciprocating saws, cir- cular resaws, and band rcsaws are'employed. The latter saws are finer than the log saws and con- sequently avoid unnecessary waste. They cut the lumber into large planks or boards. To reduce the lumber to the desired dimensions circular, ripping, and cross-cut saws are used. The for- mer have fewer and larger teeth, which cut upon their front edges, while the latter cut upon their sides. In using the ripping saw the boards have to lie fed to the saw, but with the cross-cut saw it is possible to move the saw to the work. ]Iany forms of circular saws are devised by varying the arrangement of the carriage, and .shingles, clapboards, and other products, more or less ir- regular in form, can be prepared. For curved and scroll sawing a narrow band- saw is employed, though there are reciprocating jig-saws .suitable for this purpose. After the wood comes from the saws with its rough surface it must next be surfaced, or smoothed and planed, to the required dimensions. In the surfacer this is done by a series of revolving cut- ters. These cutters pare off shavings, leaving the board or beam quite smooth. In many of the surfacers all four sides of the board are operated on at once, in some cases the tongue and groove being cut in the edges. The number of knives in each cutter may vary from three to nine, and the machines are fitted for handling various sizes of stock. Instead of plane surfacers machines may be devised for cutting curved surfaces to a given pattern, as in the ease of molding, while there are numerous cutting machines which carry cutting tools on a vertical spindle, enabling scrollwork, carving, paneling, etc., to be done. Of consider- able importance are the dovetailing machines, which may consist of either a gang of chisels or of a cutter similar to that of the cai-ving ma- chine, which cuts out the tongues and spaces, automatically spacing them, so that an exact fit is assired. Lathes are an important and much used class of tools. In them a piece of wood is rapidly re- volved while a chisel or other tool is held against