Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/758

WOOL MANUFACTUKES. 648 WOOLMAN. States. In other words, of the total raw ma- terial 76.9 per cent, was new wool and 23.1 per cent, shoddy. These second-hand or recovered wools are reduced to fibre in gi-inding machines, from which they emerge in a flossy wool-like state. Flocbs are soft fluffy fibres which are cast out of the machines during the various processes of cloth manufacture. Xoils are simply the shorter and more curly fibres which are pulled out dur- ing the process of wool-combing for worsted manufacture. Both of these wastes are used in woolen manufactures. SoPiiiSTiCATiox. The practice of weighting woolen and worsted fabrics prevails, as does the ■sophistication of silk. The goods are soaked in mineral salts, such as sulphates of alum, lead, zinc, and magnesium, which increases their weight from 15 per cent. up. St,tistics. According to the Twelfth Census of the United States there were in 1900 2653 es- tablishments in the country devoted to various branches of wool manufacture, which put forth an annual product of $392,473,050. Of the 2053 establishments, 1035 were woolen mills, 186 worsted mills, 133 carpet factories, 36 felt goods factories, 24 wool hat mills, 921 hosiery and knit goods factories, 171 fur hat factories, 105 shoddy mills, 25 wool-scouring plants, also 17 penal or other institutions whose inmates are engaged in some branch of wool manufacture. Deducting the last named class and also factories for hosiery and knit goods, shoddy mills, and wool- scouring establishments, the number of woolen mills in 1900 was 1414, as against 1675 in 1850. These figures, however, simply show to wliat ex- tent the'industry has been concentrated in large establishments, for the capital invested in 1900 was $310,179,749, and in 1850 onlv $31,971,031, and the value of products in 1900 was .$296,990,- 484 and in 1850 only $48,608,779. During 1900 48 new woolen mills were constructed, as against 49 in 1899, 25 in 1898, 53 in 1S97, and 31 in 1890. The unit of calculation for the productive ca- pacity of a woolen mill is the set of carding machines necessary to prepare the wool for spin- ning. The corresponding imit for a worsted mill is the combing machine, which, in its productive capacity, is taken to be equivalent to 2^2 sets of cards for the same fineness and quality of work. Consult : Beaumont, ^yoolen and Worsted Cloth Manufacture (London, 1890) : Posselt, Textile Fibres and Fabrics (Philadelphia, 1891); Lost- ers. Manufacture of ^yool and ^yorsted (London, 1900) ; Sadtler, Industrial Organic Chcmislrii (Philadelphia, 1900) ; Vickerman, Woolen hipin- ninij (London, 1894). WOOL'LETT, William (1735-85). An Eng- lisli drauLilitsnian and line engraver. He was born at Maidstone, and studied under .John Tin- ney at London and in Saint JIartin's Lane .Acad- emy. His earlier plates were topogra|ihical, but with his "Teniiile of Apollo" ( 17<i()) . after ('laide Lorraine, and his "Xiobe," after lUchard Wilson, he attained the rank of princiiial engraver in England. He engraved other landscai)es after Wilson before attempting his most celebrated .work, the "Death of General Wolfe" (1776), after Benjamin West, which brought him the title of "Historical Engraver to His Majesty;" it was followed by the "Battle of La Hogue," also after West, of almost equal celebrity. His plates aggregate about a hundred. In landscape he made great progress upon his predecessors in perspective, light, and atmosphere, and his figure subjects are especially good in line. WOOL'LEY, .Joiix Gkaxville (1850 — ). An American prohibitionist. He was born at Col- linsville, Ohio; gi-aduated at the Ohio Wesleyan University in 1871: was admitted to the bar of the Illinois Supreme Court in 1873 and of the United States Supreme Court in 1885 ; was city attorney of Paris, 111., in 1876-77, and was State attorney in Minneapolis in 1884-86. After about 1890 he devoted himself largely to writing and lecturing against intemperance, to which he him- self had formerly been addicted, and spoke fre- quently before large audiences both in the United States' and in England. In August, 1899. he be- came editor of The yew Voice, and in 1900 was the candidate of the Prohibition Party for Pres- ident of the United States, receiving a popular vote of 208,914. WOOLLY APHIS, or Plaxt-Lovse. The woolly root-lou.-e of the apple t ScIii~oneura lani- gera) , which, like many other aphides, secretes a greater or less quantity of wa.x in the form of wool-like fibres. This is a cosmopolitan s])ecies, probably of American origin, known in the Eng- lish colonies as 'American blight' and in Ger- many as •Blutlaus.' It is a small plant-louse which has an abundant secretion of waxy fibres, and occurs both upon the roots of the apple under ground and upon the rough portions of the stems as well as about the young shoots and water-sprouts coming from the lower part of the trunk. The attacks of the subterranean form on the roots produce galls or swellings, and in the cracks of these galls the insects occur in great numbers. The vitality of the plant is greatly reduced and yoimg trees soon die. In general, the life history resembles that of other plant-lice and the methods of control are similar. See Aphid. Consult Marlatt, The Woolly Aphis of the Apple (L'nited States Department of Agri- culture, Washington, 1897), WOOL'MABT, .loiix (1720-72). A Quaker preacher and social reformer, born in North- ampton, N. .1. His early years were spent on a farm, as store-clerk, and as teacher of poor children. About 1741 he began to speak at meet- ings of the Friends. In 1746 he set out with a companion to visit Friends in the backwoods of Virginia, and afterwards spent most of his life on similar journeys, supporting himself by work as a tailor. He died at York, England. His writings include a Journal of John Woolman's Life and Travel in the Service of the Gospel (1775, reedited by John G. Whittier, 1871 ) ; Nome Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes (1753- 1762) ; Considerations on I'ure Windoni and Hu- man Policy, on Labor, on Schools, and on the night L'se of the Lord's Outuard (lifts (1768). Serious Considerations rrith Sntne of Tlis Dying Expressions was pulilished postliumously ( 1773), his Works, including some unpublished manu- scripts, in 1774-75. Although somewhat too other-worldly, and lacking in poetic color, his Journal still deserves to be read, and it ranks as a minor classic.