Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/794

WTJBTZ. 678 WURZBUBG. as tutor in the department of organic chemistry at the Sorbonne. Afterwards lie became profes- sor at the Agronomic Institute of Versailles (1851), professor of organic chemistry at the Sorbonne, and professor of toxicology at the school of medicine (1853). He was dean of the Sorbonne medical faculty from 1866 to 1876. Among Wurtz's principal discoveries were those of the ammoniac compounds (1849), of glycol (1856), of aldol (CsHA), and the so-called proc- ess of 'aldolization.' His most important work, however, was in the theoretic side of chemistry in distinguishing the atomic relations of organic c-ompoimds. His publications include: Mrmoire sur las ammoniaques coiiii)osecs (1850): Trait6 eUmentaire de chimie midicale (1804-65); Dic- lionnaire de chimie pure et appliquie (1868-78; supplement, 1880-86; 2d supplement by Fridel, l'^!)2) ; Prof/rcs de Vindiwtrie dcs iiiatiercs colo- raiilcs artificielles (1876); Theorie atomique (1878) : and Traite de chimie biologique (1884). WURTZITE (named in honor of Charles Adolphe Wurts). A mineral zinc sulphide crys- tallized in the hexagonal system. It has a resin- ous lustre, and is brownish-black in color. It occurs in crystals or in massive fibrous varieties. It is found in Portugal, Bolivia, Peru, and in the United States, with sphalerite and quartz, at Butte, Jlont. This mineral has been made arti- ficially bj' fusing equal parts of zinc sulphate with calcium lluoride and barium sulphide. WURZBACH, voorts'baK, Alfred, von Tan- nenberg (1846 — ). An Austrian art-critic, born at Lemberg, son of the following. He studied jurisprudence in Vienna and entered the civil ser- vice, but resicned in 1876 and devoted himself en- tirely to the study of art-history. In 1881-86 he was art-critic for the Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung. Under the title Zritr/eitossen he published a series of biographical sketches (1871-72), and after- wards the monograph Martin Hchongauer (1881), a Gesehichte der holliindischen ilnlerci (1885), besides biographies of Dutch and Flemish painters in Dohme's Eunst und Kiinstler (1876). He also edited the editions de luxe of Die fran- sUsischen Maler des achtsehnten Jahrhunderts (1879-80), Die goldene Bibcl (1880), and Rem- hrandt-Galerie (1885), and translated Hou- braken's Croote schoubiirgh der nederlandsche konstsehildirs (1879). WtTRZBACH, Constant, von Tannenberg (1818-93). An Austrian biographer, born at Laibach. After studying jurisprudence at Gratz, he served in the army from 1836 to 1844, when he obtained a position in the luiiversity library at Lemberg. In 1849 he was appointed librarian in the Ministry of the Interior at Vienna, and afterwards Secretary in the Ministry of State. His writings include: Die VolksUedcr der Polen und Ruthenen (1846); Die Hprichiwter der Polen (1852); Die Kirchcn der Stadt Krakaii (1853) ; Joseph Haydn und scin Brudcr Michael ( 1861 ) ; (llinipf und ^chimpf in fipruch und Wort (1864); II ist (iriache Wiirter, Sprichic^rtcr und Redensartcn (1806); Franz arillparzer (1871): Ein M adonnenm aler unxrrcr Zcii : E. .S7rf»/f (1879); Fcldmarschall Erzhrrzog Karl (1880). He is, however, best known for the Biblio- graphisch-statistische Vcbcrsicht der Litteratur des tisterreichiachen Kaiserstaates (1856), and his valuable liiographisches Lexikon des Kaiser- turns Oesterreich (60 vols., 1857-92), a unique publication on a gigantic scale, containing about 25,000 critical biographies of notable personages in every walk of life and from all parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. WtJRZBURG, vnrts'boTirK. The capital of Lower Franconia, Bavaria, 81 miles by rail northwest of Nuremberg (Map: Germany, D 4). It is almost wholly situated on the right bank of the navigable Main, which is here crossed by three bridges (two of them new). The fortifica- tions were entirely removed by 1874. The old, or inner, city is separated from the modern and handsome suburbs by broad and agreeable promenades, into which the beautiful Hofgarten blends on the east. Tlie Hofgarten dates from 1729 and contains an orangery. The handsome new law courts rise a short distance away on the south. The rococo royal palace, formerly the episcopal residence, a splendid edifice of the first half of the eighteenth century, situated in the Hofgarten, is the centre of interest to the visitor. Here are the Eesidenz- platz, and the elaborate modern Liutpold foun- tain. West of the palace is the uninteresting cathedral, a Piomanesque basilica, tracing its origin back to 802. In its present form it dates from 1240. The exterior was restored in 1S82-83. Adjacent to the cathedral is the rococo Neu- miinster Church, with a red fagade. belonging to the eighteenth century. It has a tablet to Val- ther von der Vogelweide, who was buried in the ancient cloisters here. Near by on the west is the old market place with the beautiful Chapel of Mary. This graceful Gothic structure dates from 1377, and was restored in the nineteenth century. To the south, beyond the mediaeval town hall, rise in the modern quarter the new buildings of the university. (See Wurzburg, Umversitt OF.) The University Church, with Gotliic fea- tures, belongs to the later sixteenth century, and the Seminary Church to the later part of the eighteenth century. In the northern part of the city are the Ludwigshalle, where expositions are held, and the Julius Hospital, a venerable institu- tion. In the northwest corner of Wiirzburg, near the river, are the anatomical, physical, patho- logical, and other institutes belonging to the university. The fine old Main bridge (1474) leads from the central part of the city to the town c* the left bank, where the Saint Burkard Church, with its towers, and the Marienberg fortress com- mand the attention. The former is a Romanesque structure, begun in 1033. The Marienberg, now used as barracks, stands on a hill over 400 feet above the river. Tlierc are a royal music school, and schools of agriculture, horticulture, etc. Wiirzburg is an active industrial town. Ma- chinery, railway cars, pianos, scientific and musical instruments, and tobacco are among the principal manufactures. Famous brands of beer are produced in the city. The wine trade is im- portant, and fruit, coal, and timber also furnish heavy shipments. Population, in 1900, 75,497. Wiirzburg became an episcopal seat in the mid- <lle nf the eighth century. It early grew wealthy anil imiiortant. The bishops nf Wiirzburg were prominent in their capacity as teiii|inral princes, their domain finally having an area of about 1900 square miles. They bore the title of Duke