to summon a new jury was known as a venire
facias Hint). See JuBY; Talesmen. VENLO, ven-lo'. A town of the Netherlands, in the I'rovince of Linil}iirK, on the riyht liiink of the Meuse, 41 miles by niil northeast of Maes- triehl, near the souLlicastern frontier lAlap: Netherlands, E 3). The streets are narrow and irregular. The architecture is somewhat dif- ferent from that usually found in Dutch towns. The sightly town hall dates from the close of the si.teenth century. Manufacturing is active. To- bacco, tannery prodiicls, and swine are promi- nent shi]inients. Population, in 1,S()9, 14,399. VENN. Joiirf (1834-). An English logician and antiquary, born in Hull, Yorkshire, and edu- cated in Cains College, Cambridge. He becanu^ Fellow of Cains College and in 1862 its lecturer in moral science, and in 1869 was appointed Hulsean lecturer. Venn was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1SS3. In the field of logic he wrote the valuable manuals, Loqic of Chance (1866: 3d ed. 18,SS), HymboUc Logic (1880; 2d ed. 1894), and Empirical Locjic '(1889). His later literary activity was antiquarian; lie was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, editor of the Parish Register of Saint Jlichael's, Cam- bridge, extending over the period from 1588 to 1837 (1891), and author of a Biographical /7i.s- tory of GonviUe and Caius College (1897-1901) and of Cnius College (1901). VENTADOUR, vaN'ta'door', Bernaet de. A Prov6n<:al poet, born early in the twelfth cen- tury at Ventadour, in Limousin. He wandered to Normandy, perhaps even to England, and cele- brated Eleanor of Aquitaine. the Avife of Henry II. Afterwards he is found at the Court of Pva'i- mond v.. Count of Toulouse, at whose death, in 1194, he retired to a convent. Bernart's songs deal entirely with love, but there is less arti- ficiality and more true sentiment in them than is usual with the troubadours. There is no separate edition of his works; the collections of Raynouard and Mahn furnish the best accessible material. Consult: Bischoff, Biogrnphie des Troiibadonrs Bcrnhard con Ventadour (Berlin, 1873) : Carducci, "Un poeta d'amore del secolo XII.." in the yuova Antologia, vols. xxv. and xxvi. VENTILATION. See Heating and Venti- lation. VENTIMIGLIA, v.in'tf-niel'ya. A seaport and fortified town in the Province of Porto ilau- rizio, Italy, 94 miles southwest of Genoa, on the Ligurian Sea and near the French frontier. The Ciothic cathedral occupies the site of a temple to Juno. The town hall has a collection of interest- ing relics. Viticulture and floriculture are im- portant industries. Population (commune), in 19U1, 11.50U. VENTRE DE PARIS, vaN'tr' tie p:i're'. Le (Fr.. the belly of Paris) . One of Zola's Rougon- Macquart novels (1873). containing gra|ihic" de- scriptions of the picturesque life of the Parisian markets. It represents the extreme of Zola's naturalistic theories. ' VENTRICLE. See Heart. VENTRICULITES, v6n-trik'ii-li'tez (from Lat. rentricnltin. ventricle, stomach, diminutive of venter, stomach, wojub). A fossil hexactinellid sponge of funnel or cup shape with wide central Vol. XX.— 6. 59 VENUS. opening and tliin convoluteil walls, and the ba.se pointed and provided with roots of siliceous fibres, coiiiinoii in the Middle and Upper Cretace- ous rocks of iMirdpe. See SPONOE. VENTRILOQUISM. See Voice. VENUE (OF. venue, arrival, from Lat. venire, to come ; confused in meaning with OF. vinne, from Lat. vicinia, neighborhood, vicinity). In its original and more restricted meaning, the place or locality where the acts or transactions out of which an action arises occur; but the term is more commonly employed to-day to de- note the county or judicial district in which an action is to be tried and the jurors selected. For thi^ purpose of determining the proper venue, actions are classified as local and transitory. A local action is one which, from its nature, could only have arisen in a certain district, as a tres- pass on land. Criminal prosecutions and prac- tically all actions relating to real property are considered as local actions, and must be 'tried in the county in which the facts occur or the real estate is situated. Where a cause of action is based upon facts which might easily have hap- pened in any jurisdiction, as a contract, it is said to be transitory, and usually may be tried in any county. The English Judicature Acts practically aliolish the above distinction in that country, but it still obtains in many of the United States. In most jurisdictions' the de- fendant may make a motion for a change of venue for the convenience of his witnesses, or because he believes there could not be a fair trial in the jurisdiction in which the action is brought. The matter rests in the discretion of the court, but the fact that most of the witnesses reside in a distant county, and any other reasonable argu- ment, will be considered in deciding the motion. In criminal eases the prejudice of the commu- nity against the defendant and the consequent dilliculty of olitaining impartial jurors are fre- quently made tlie basis of a motion for change of venue. The whole matter is regulated by statute in most States. Consult the authorities referred to under Pleading; Practice. VE'NUS (Lat.. love, desire; connected with OIIG. «•!>!!, friend, ininna, Ger. Wonnc, joy, Goth, wnnan, to enjoy. Skt. ran. to hold'dea'r| wish, win) , or Aphrodite. In classical mythology,' the goddess of love, in the widest sense. The Greek Aphrodite very probablv represents a borrowed cult. The name is still unexplained, but the goddess is clearly the eastern goddess of fertility and reproduction, the Phrenician Aslitoreth (or Astarte), Babylonian Ishtar, and Arabian Alilat. who.se cult was promineni; throughout the Semitic world. Her worship was orgiastic and sacred prostitution was prac- ticed at many of her temples. This goddess was es- pecially honored at Cyprus by Greeks and Phce- nicians. and thence .Aphrodite seems to have come to the Greek world. Cyprus, especially Paphos. and Cythera, likewise an early Phcenician trading post, gave the goddess two of her common surnames, Cypria and Cytherea. In Greek legend, how- ever. Aphrodite preserved little trace of her for- eign origin. In Homer she is daughter of Zeus and Dione. and completely at home in the Olym- pian circle. In Hesiod is found the legend, which later became more popular, that she was sprung
