Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/872

YOUNG. 736 YOUNG. YOUNG, Sir John (1807-76). A British administrator, born at Bombay, India. He was educated at Eton and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1820. From 1831 to 1855 he was a Tory member of Parliament. He became Lord of the Treasury in 1841, was Chief Secretary for Ireland irom 1852 to 1855, and was Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands from 1855 to 1859, when he was recalled. From 1861 to 1867 he was Govei'nor-General of New South Wales. In 1869 he was appointed Governor-General of Canada and Governor of Prince Edward's Island. During his adminis- tration he was called upon to suppress Louis Riel's rebellion, and as a reward for this .ser- vice he was created Baron Lisgar on October 26, 1870. He returned to Europe in 1872 and spent the rest of his life in retirement. YOUNG, John Russell (1841-99). An American journalist and diplomat, born in Down- ington. Pa. He was educated in the public schools of Philadelphia and Xew Orleans. He became news editor of the Philadelphia Press in 1861, when as private secretary he went to Wash- ington with Forney, the owner of the paper, who had been elected secretary of the Xational Senate. Subsequently until after the battle of AYilliamsburg he was with the Army of the Potomac as a war correspondent. In 1804 he accompanied General Banks on his Red River expedition. After the war he was managing editor of the New York Trihune ( 1866-69) "i in 1870 founded the New York Slandard, to which he contributed letters from Paris during the Franco-German War: and in 1872 became special foreign correspondent for the New York UcraJd. In 1877 he accompanied ex-President Grant on his trip around the world, an account of which he publislieil under the title Around the World icith Crnrrul Grant (1879). He was then a member of the Herald editorial staff until 1882; and was United States Jlinister to China from 1882 to 1885. He continued in literary and journalistic work until 1S97, when he was ap- pointed by President JIcKinley librarian of the new Congressional Library at Washington. He edited a Memorial Jllstory of Philndelphia (1895). and was a frequent contribiitor to maga- zines and reviews. YOUNG, RoiiERT (1822-88). A Scotch bib- lical scholar and missionary, born in Edinburgh. He was superintendent of the mission press at Surat from 1850 to 1861, and in 1864-74 was in charge of the Missionary Institute at Edinburgh. His works include: The Bool: of the Preeepts hi/ Jtahhi Moses, translated with a Life of the aiithor (1852): Bihle Commentary (1870): Analiitieal Coneordanee to the Bihle (1879) ; Two-Fold Con- cordance to the Greek Keic Testament (1SS4); and firammntical Analysis of the Hebreiv. Chal- daic. and Greek Heripttires (1885). YOUNG, Sami'EL B.LnwTX Maukh (1840—). .An eminent American soldier, first Chief of Staff of the .rniy of the I'nited States, born in Pitts- burg. Pa. In April, 1865. upon the outbreak of the Civil War. he entered the Federal .Army as a private. He served with great effieieney through- out the war. attained the rank of colonel in December. 1864. and in .April. 1865. was brevetted brigndier-eeneral of volunteers for trallant ser- vices in the last campaign acainst General T.ee. In March, 1867, he was also brevetted major. lieutenant-colonel, and colonel in the Regular Army for gallantry at Sulphur Springs, Va., Amelia Spring, Va., and Sailor's Creek, Va., re- spectivcl}-. In Ma}-, 186G, he entered the Regular Army as a second lieutenant. Twelfth Infantry. He attained the rank of colonel of the Third Cavalry in June, 1897, and in Jlay, 1898, was made a brigadier-general of volunteers for ser- vice in the Spanish-American War. He served with marked ability under General Shafter in the early part of the Santiago campaign, was promoted to the rank of major-general of volun- teers in Jul.v, 1898, and for a time commanded tlie Second Army Corps. He was honorably dis- charged as major-general of volunteers and ap- pointed brigadier-general of volunteers in April, 1899, and from July, 1899, to March, 1901, served with great ability in the Philippines, where for a short time he was military Governor of North- western Luzon and commander of the first dis- trict of the Department of Northern Luzon. During this period he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general in the Regular .Army, in Januai'y, 1900. and to that of major-general in the Regular Army, in February. 1901. After liis return from the Philippines he commanded the Department of California and helped to organize the new War College, and in August, 1903, on the retirement of Cieneral IMiles. he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general and for a week was the Commanding General of the United States Army. On Aiigust 15, 190.3. when the new general staff system went into efl'ect, he became Chief of Staff of the Armj-. YOUNG, Thomas (1773-1829). A British scientist and archaeologist. He was born at Milvcrton, in Somersetshire, of Quaker parents, and .studied at a school at Compton. in Dorset- shire, and under a tutor. Toward the end of 1792 he began to study medicine in London, and afterwards at the University of Edinburgh. From Edinburgh he went to Gottingen, where he took the degree of doctor of medicine, returning to England in February, 1797. In order to qualify himself for membership in the College of Physicians, then restricted to gi-aduates of Oxford and Cambridge, he entered at Emmanuel Collcce, Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner, where he received his degree in 1799. In the year 1799 he took up his residence in London, and began to practice as a physician. In 1801 he was appointed professor of natural philosophy in the Royal Institution, then newly established. Elected a fellow of the Royal So- ciety in 1794, in 1802 he became its foreign sccretar.v. a post which he retained till the end of his life. He resigned his professorship in 1803. fearing that his filling a chair of science might interfere with his success as a physician. Young was elected one of the physicians of Saint George's Hospital in 1811. He afterwards publislied several medical works, which, though they were little more than compilations, and arc now forgotten, show that be was thoroughly versed in the history of diseases and of medical opinion. Of these the most important were Medical hiterature (1813) and Practical and llisloriral Essay on Consnmpiirc Diseases (1815). He retired from practice in 1814 on liis appointment as inspector of calculations in the Palladium Life Insurance Company. He served in 1814 also on a conmiission appointed