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Y. M. C. A. 742 Y. W. C. A. work for soldiers. There are many boys' branches. A few associations were formed quite early in India, but vigorous growtli began with the coming of American and Britisli secretaries. Calcutta and Jladras have excellent buildings. The Tokio building is an important centre for the national work. The general secretary and all the officers are Japanese laymen. Several use- ful associations have long existed in the South African and Australasian colonies. The World's Conference and Committee. Fourteen world's conferences have met in lead- ing European cities. At the eighth conference (Geneva, Switzerland, 187S), a "Central Inter- national Committee" was established, composed of representatives from the affiliating national organizations, and with a quorum resident in Geneva. This committee has greatly promoted the work, especially upon the Continent of Europe. The thirteenth conference was held in London in June, 1894, coincidently with the fiftieth anniversary of the London Association. Twenty-six nationalities were represented by 2000 delegates. Bibliography. Shipton, The History of the London Young Men's Christian Association, in Exeter Ball Lectures (vol. i., London, 1845-46) ; Fifty Years' Work Amongst Young Men in All Lands (ib., 1895) ; Handbook of the History, Organization, and Methods of ^^'or^c of the Young Men's Christian Associations (New York, 1892) ; Report of the 13th Triennial Interna- tional Conference and Jubilee Celebration (Lon- don. 1895) ; Jubilee of Work for Young Men in Xorth America (New York, 1901); Doggett, History of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, vol. i. (ib., 1896); Doggett, Life of R. R. McBurney (Cleveland. Oliio. 1902) ; Year Book of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America (New York, 1902-03) ; British Young Men's Christian Association Year Book (London. 1902-03). YOUNG'S THEORY AND EXPERI- MENTS. See LuniT. YOTJNGS'TOWN. The county-seat of Ma- honing County, Ohio, 67 miles east by south of Cleveland, on the Mahoning River, and on the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Baltimore and Ohio, and other railroads (Map: Ohio, .13). It is at- tractively situated on both banks of the Maho- ning River. Among the features of interest are the parks, including Mill Creek (400 acres), Idora, and Wick, and the Market Street steel via- duct. The Reuben JleMillan Free Library con- tains aliout 20.000 volumes. Otlier prominent institutions are the Children's Home and the Malioning Valley and City hospitals. The Fed- eral Iniilding, county court-house. Young Men's Christian Association building, and the Park Theatre are the most noteworthy structures of the city. Youngstown is primarily an industrial centre, its various establi.shments, in the census year 1900. having an invested capital of .$22,- 300.097. and an output valued at .$34,801,101. A rolling mill was erected here in 1845. and a furnace in 1846, and the city is still noted for its extensive manufacture of iron and steel and foundry and maehino products. There are also Imiiliir and planing mills, carriage and wagon factories, and manufactories of roofing material, iron and steel pipe, oilcloth, bridge work, etc. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a council. The city solicitor, treasurer, auditor, and the board of public ser- vice are elected by popular vote. The board of public safety is appointed by the mayor subject to the confirmation of the council, or if the coun- cil fails to agree to the mayor's appointments, the board is appointed by the Governor of the State. The minor boards are appointed by the mayor. For maintenance and operation the city spends annualh' about $416,000, the principal items being: Schools, .$145,000; police depart- ment, $44.000 ; fire department. $35,000 ; interest on debt, $33,000: streets. $29,000; water-works, $25,000; and municipal lighting, $24,000. The water-works, which represent an expenditure of $735,209, are owned by the municipality. In 1797 John Young made the first settlement here, and in the following year secured a title to the land from the Connecticut Land Company. Youngstown became the countv-seat in 1876. Population, in 1890, 33,220; in 1900, 44.SS5. YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSO- CIATIONS. Organizations for the advancejnent of the physical, social, intellectual, and spiritual life of young women. The first Young Women's Christian Association was formed in London in 1855. There were a Prayer Union among and for young women, and a home in London for young women in independent pursuits, especially for returned Crimean War nurses. The World's Young Women's Christian Asso- ciation, organized in 1894, includes national as- sociations, one from each country, and is on an interdenominational, evangelical basis. The headquarters are in London. The supervision of work is delegated to a committee of thirty- three active and eight corresponding members, resident in sixteen countries. They employ trav- eling and office secretaries; appoint secretaries for foreign fields; arrange quadrennial conven- tions (London, 1898: Geneva, Switzerland, 1902) ; call a week of prayer in November; and assist in establishing national organizations when the number of local associations warrants it. Their organ, The World's Quarterly, is published in three languages. The eleven organized coun- tries are as follows: (Irent Britain, alfdiated in 1894. embraces under the British National Coun- cil five divisions, London, North of England and North Wales, South of England and South Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, each with departmental committees and officers ; total membership, 100,- 000. of whom 60,000 are Prayer I'nion members. Branches are either parochial or have head- quarters in an institute or home. The Sunday Bible class is the chief feature of each British association. The Nurses' llnion. Teachers' De- partment, Restaurant Department, Holiday Homes, Park Mission, and many other forms of work are included. . national traveling secre- tary is employed. Closely associated are the Factory Helpers' Union, the Traveler's .Aid So- ciety, and the Associated Guild of Registries, National organs, Co Forii^ard, Our Onu-ard Way, Our Oicn Cazcltr. Workers. — Norway, affiliated in 1894, has 8 branches. — f^iceden, affiliated in 1894. has 51 lir:inches: religious, educational, anil foreign mission work is undertaken. Organ, Forbundsblatet. — Denmark, affiliated in 1902,