Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/911

ZEUGLODON. 773 ZHUKOVSKY. thpj- were disposed in three series (incisors, 3; canines, 1 ; and molars, 5) ,and the mohirs were pe- culiar in that they had longitudinally compressed, serrated crowns and were attached by double roots. The vertebra.' of the tail were much larger than those of the trunk. The limbs consisted of small paddles, like those of the fur seal, just back of tlie liead. and of very much reduced hind limbs, which are supposed to have been hidden under the skin and to have been totally useless. Zeuglodon bones are common in the Eocene marls of the Gulf States of North Americii, and they are known also from the Eocene deposits of vari- ous parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. This wide distribution in- dicates that the animal was a powerful swimmer and capable of a very cosmopolitan existence. Consult: Woodward, Outlines of Vertebrate I'lilwonlologi/ (Cambridge. 1898) ; Lucas, Ani- mals of the Past (New York, 1901). See Ceta- CEA; Whale. ZEUNE, tsoi'ne, Johann August (1778- lSr)3) . A German geographer and philanthropist, born in Wittenberg. In 1802 he taught geography in his native city, and then in Berlin from 1803 until 1810, when he became professor of geography in the university. In 1806 he founded an institu- tion for the blind in Berlin, which became well known. He wrote: GSa, Versnch chirr icisscn- svhaftlichen Erdheschreibumj ( 1808, 3d ed., 1830) ; IJeher Basaltpolaritdt (1809) ; Belisnr, iiber den Unterricht der Blinden (1808, 4th ed., 1834) ; a translation of the Xibelungen into modern Ger- man (1813, 2d ed., 1836) ; Veber Schiidelbildung (1840). ZETJNER, tsoi'ner, Gustav (1828—). A German physicist and engineer, born in Chemnitz. He received his education at the School of Mines, Freiberg, became teacher first in the industrial school at Chemnitz, later in the School of Mines, Freiberg, and in 1855 professor of mechanics and engineering in the Polytechnic Institute at Zurich, and was director of that institution in 1859-68. From 1871 to 1873 he was director and professor of mechanics and mining engineering in the School of Mines at Freiberg, then was called in the same capacities to the Polytechnic Institute in Dresden, the organization of which he completed. He resigned from the directorship in 1890 and from the professorship in 1897, when he retired from public life. He is chiefly known for his work in connection with thermodynamics and steam engines, and wrote: Die Hchieberstencr- ungen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Loko- motivsteueriingen (1858, 5th ed., 1888, also trans, into French and English) ; Orund^iige der mci'lifniisrheii Wiirmetheorie (1800; 3d ed.. under the tith' Tcrlinisclie Thermodynamik, 1887-90) ; Leber das Wankcn der Lokoinotiveii (1861) ; Das LokoDiotivcnblasrolir (1863) ; Abhandlungen aus der mnthematischen Statistik (1869). He also edited, together with Weisbach and Bornemann, the Ziiiliiigenieur (1853-57). ZEUS. See .Jupiter. ZEUS OF OTRICOLI. See Jupiter op Otri- COLI. ZEUSS, tsois, Joha:«n Kaspar (1806-56). The founder of modern Celtic philology-, born at Vogtendorf in Bavaria. He studied at Munich from 1832 to 1839, was a teacher in the gym- nasium there, and then became professor of his- tory in a secondary school in Six^yer, where he remained till 1847. His (Irannnatica Celtica (1853, 2d ed.by Ebel, 1871) was one of the greatest philological achievements of the century, ilis other works include Die Deulschen und die Nachbarstiimme (1837), and Die Herkunft der Biii/crn von den Markomannen (1839). Consult: Gliick, Erinnermig mi Kaspar Zeiiss (Munich, 1857). ZEUX'IS (Lat„ from Gk. Zrajis)- A famous Greek painter who flourished near the end of the fourth century B.C. He is called a native of Heraclea, though which of the cities of that name is meant cannot be de- termined. He visited Athens and Lower Italy, but seems to have made his headquar- ters during a consideralile time at Ephesus. He took up the new chiaroscuro of Apollodorua of Athens and developed it, excelling rather in his coloring and expression than in fineness of drawing, in which he was surpassed by Par- rhasius (q.v. ). He seems to have striven ear- nestly to produce the illusions of nature, and with much success in inanimate objects. His human figures were criticised by some for their large heads and limbs, though others praised these very qualities. Among his famous works were an '"Alcmena" given to Agrigentum, a "Pan" presented to Arehelaus, and a youthful "Her- cules" strangling the serpents in the presence of the anxiotis Alcmena and Amphitryon. His "Helen" was painted as a present for the Cro- toniates, after he had decorated the temple of Hera Lacinia near that city. Lucian describes in detail a painting representing a female centaur suckling her young, while in the background the wild father aroused and frightened his chil- dren by holding over them a lion's cub. Zeuxis seems to have stttdied to find new and strange sit- uations in which to depict mythical personages. His pride is said to have been great. He gave away some of his later pictures, as being beyond price. <and appeared at Olynipia with his name embroidered in gold on his magnificent robe. It is noticeable that great monumental groups, like those of Polygnotns. do not appear in his works. The nearest approach is perhaps found in his "Zeus Surrounded by the Gods." He belonged to the new school of artists who painted smaller works for private patrons, rather than dec- orations for public halls. ZGIEKZ, zgyerzh. A manufacturing town in the Government of Piotrkow. Russian Poland, about 10 miles north of Lodz. It is noted for its extensive woolen and cotton mills. Population, in 1897, 19,124. ZHITOMIR, zhi-t(ymer, or JITOMIR. The capital of the Government of Volhynia. Western Russia, situated at the confluence of the Kamen- ka with the Teterev, 85 miles west-southwest of Kiev (Map: Russia, C 4). Zhitomir is noted for its manufacture of gloves and produces also bent wood furniture and ready-made clothes. It carries on a brisk trade in agricultural products. Population, in 1897. 6.5,452, chiefly Jews and Poles. The town enjoyed many privileges inider the Polish rule. ZHUKOVSKY, zhoo-kof'ski, Vasixi Andrete- viTcn (1783-1852). A Russian poet and trans-