Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/915

ZIMMERMANN. 777 was professor at the Aeadviiiy of Milan in 1857- 51), and froiii 1800 to 1871 at the Vienna Acad- (■iiiy. Siibscqiuiiitly he lived at Salzburg, and from 1885 in iMunicli. At first a prominent ex- jionent of the historic landscape, Zimmcrmann I'lirms a conncctin},' link between the rii,'orous manner I'epresented by Koch and Ileinhart and modern (Jermaii landscape painting. As ex- amples of his heroic style may be mentioned: two "Alpine Views" (one dated 1851), in the Stiidcl Institute at Frankfort; the "Rocky Landscape with Centaurs and Tigers," in the Pinakothek at ISIunich ; and the im- posing "Primeval Forest," in the Kunsthalle at Bremen. From his middle period, when his manner softened to a broader touch, date a large "Landscape with Combat Between Cen- taurs and Lions" (figures by Rahl and Genelli), in the Leipzig Jluseum; the "Faust Scene on the Broeken," in the Schack Gallery at Munich ; and "A Storm in the Alps," in the Vienna Museum. Of a more realistic conception are a "Storm Landscape with Waterfall," in the Pinakothek, Munich, and "View on Ammer Lake," in the Hanover Museum. ZIMBIERMANN, Clemens von (1789-1SG9). A German painter, born at Dlisseldorf. Begin- ning his studies at the academy there under Langer, he continued them from 1808 at Munich, and after a visit to Italy was appointed director of the School of Arts at Augsburg in 1810 and professor at the Mimich Academy in 1825. In- timately associated with the creations inaugu- rated tiy King Ludwig I., he painted under the arcades of the palace garden the fresco of the "Investiture of Otto von Wittelsbach with Ba- varia," and after Cornelius's designs the cyclical representations of the "History of Art," in the corridor of the Pinakothek. In the dining-room of the Kcinigsbau he executed the "Scenes from the Songs of Anaereon." Among his oil paintings may be noticed "Cimabue Finding Giotto" (1S41, New Pinakothek). From 1840 to 1805 he was dircctiir of the Royal Picture Gallery. "ZIMMERMANN, Eberiiard August Wil- HELM VON (1743-1815). A German geographer, naturalist, and philosopher, born at LTelzen, in Hanover. He studied at Giittingen and Leyden, and became professor of physics at the Carolinum in Brunswick (1760). He traveled extensively and visited France, England, Russia, Italy, and Sweden. He wrote: Geographische Geschichte des Menschen rind der alhiemein verbreiteten vierfiissiqen Tierc (1778-83) ; Veber die Elasficitiit des Was- scrs (1779); AUgemeincr Bliclc auf Italien (1797); Frankreich und die Frcistaaten von Xordamerika (1795); Tiischenhnrk der Reiscn (12 yearly editions. 1802-13), which al.so ap- peared xmder the title Die Erdc und Hire Be- wohner nach den neucstcn Entdecfcungen (1810- 13). ZIMMERMANN, .Joiiann Georg von (1728- 95). A Swiss philosopher. He was born at Brugg, in what is now the Canton of Aargau. He studied at Giittingen, and after traveling in Holland and France settled at Brugg in 1754 as town physician. He wrote on experimental medicine Von der Erfah- rung in der Ar~neikunst (1704), but is re- membered chiefly for his treatises on solitude, ZIMMERMANN. TIeher die Einsamkeit (1755, revised 1784-85), and on national pride, Vom Xalionalslolz (1758), both of which made a great impression in their time and were widely translated and admired. He became Court physician at Han- over in 17(i8 and attended Frederick the Great in his last illness (1780), publisliing on this <'piso(le several books that throw moi-e light on the doctor's vanity than on the royal patient's character. Consult: Zimtiiermunna liriefc an einige seiner Frcunde in der Hchiceiz, ed. by Rengger (Aarau, 1830) ; and the biographies l)y liodemann (Hanover, 1878) and Ischer (Bern, 1893). ZIMMERMANN, Reinhard Sebastian (1815-93). A (Jerman genre painter, born at Hagenau, on Lake Constance. Although he showed a great talent for drawing as a boy, he was obliged for years to follow a commercial career until enabled in 1840 to frc(|uent the- academy at Munich. In 1844 he went to Paris, and in 1847 established his reputation at Munich with the humorous picture "The Three Magi." Of numerous sul)sequent genre scenes, distin- guished by a lively humor, excellent characteriza- tion, and brilliant teclmique, may be mentioned: "Peasants at the Castle" (1853), "Beggar Musi- cians" (1854), "Corn-Market Day in Munich"" (1801, Cologne Museum), "The Love Letter" (Karlsruhe Gallery), "Two Different Opinions" (1808, Barmen Gallery), "In the Antechamber Before an Audience" ( Saint Gall Museum ) , "Visit to His Reverence" ( 1884, Hanover Mu- seum), and "Kindergarten" (1885, Brunswick JIuseum ) . Consult his autobiography, entitled Erinnerungen eines alien Malers (Munich,. 1884). His son Ernst (1852-1901), born in Munich, was first instructed by him and afterwards a pupil of AVillielm Diez at the Academy. After producing some clever genre scenes he turned to historical subjects, and in 1879 won a signal suc- cess with "Christ in the Temple." His principal subsequent works include: "Adoration of the Shepherds" (1883. New Pinakothek, Munich), "Satyr Giving Musical Instruction" (1884, Dresden Gallery), "Christus Consolator" (1888, Leipzig Museum), "Christ Appearing to Thom- as" (1892), and "Elector Max Emanuel Inspect- ing the Work at the Tilrkengraben" ( 1887, City Hall. Munich). He was appointed professor at the Munich Academy in 1880. ZIMMERMANN, Robert VON (1824-98). An, Austrian philnsupluT.borji at Prague. He was edu- cated at the universities of Prague and Vienna, in 1852 he was called to Prague as professor of philosophy, and in 1801 to Vienna, where he be- came a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1809. He was the founder of the so-called aesthetics of form, and an opponent of the Hege- lian school. Among his works are: Leibniz und Ilcrbart (1849); Veber das Traqisehe und die Trariiidie (1850); Aesthetik ( 1850-05) , his chief work: and Anthrojiosophie (1882). ZIMMERMANN, Wilhelm (1807-78). A German historian and poet, born at Stuttgart. He studied theology at Tiibingen, became pro- fessor at the Polytechnical School in Stuttgart in 1847, but was deposed in 1850 on account of his radical political opinions. Subsequently be held pastorates at Leonbronn and Owen. His