Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/918

ZINGERLE. 780 ZINZENDOKF. wrote Die deutschen Sprichworter im Miitelalter (1864) and Das deutsche KindersjiuU im Uittel- alter (1873). His volumes of verse include: FriihUngszeitlose (1848); Von den Alpen (1850); and Gedichte (1853). Of his tales in prose, Der Bauer von Longvall (1874) met with especial favor. ZINGIBER. See Gixger. ZINGIBERACEJE, zln-jib'er-a'se-e (Neo- Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. zingiber, from Gk. {17- yipepis, zingiheris, ginger, from Ar., Pers. zanja- bil. from Prak. singabera, from Skt. srngavcra, ginger). The Ginger Family. A natural order i)f tropical, mainly Asiatic monocotyledonoua mostly perennial lierbs. with flesliy rootstalks or tuberous roots, embracing about 25 genera and 275 species. Several genera contain plants of economic value, as ginger, curcuma, grains of Paradise, cardamoms, and various important fibres. The principal genera are Curcuma, Al- pinia. Zingiber, Aniomum, Elettaria, Costus, etc. The position of this order has been a subject of dispute; some botanists join it with Scitamine;r, wliile Bentham and Hooker unite it with Musacese, Cannaceic, and Marantaceae in the order Scita- minacefe. See Ginger. ZINJAN, zin-jitn', or ZENJAN. The capita! of the Province of Khamseh, Xorthwestern Per- sia, situated at an elevation of 5000 feet on tlic higliroad from Teheran to Talu'iz. over 200 miles northwest of the former city (Map: Per- ,sia, C 3). It is surrounded by gardens and has an extensive bazaar. The town is the former stronghold of the Babi sectarians (see B.bism), who defended it against the Persians in 1850. Pojuilation, 25,000. ZINNIA (Xeo-Lat., named in honor of ,1. G. Zinn, a German botanist of the eighteenth cen- tury). A genus of plants of the order Com- ziNNtA {Zinnia cleg.ins). posita", comprising about 12 species, indigenous to Mexico and the southern portions of the West- ern United States. They are ehielly annuals which flower freely until" fall. The "numerous branches are each terminated by a single head of flowers. The best known species is the garden zinnia (Zinnia elegans), with variously tinted single and double flowers. Other species some- times cultivated are Zinnia pauciflora, with red- purple rays, and Zinnia angunlifolia, with showy orange colored flowers. All these plants are eas- ily raised from seeds. They prefer deep, rich, loamy soils, and sunny situations. ZINTGRAEE, tslnt'graf, Eugex (1858-07). A Gernmn African explorer. He was born at Diisseldorf where he studied first law and after- wards natural science. In 1884 he accompanied an Austrian expedition to the Lower Congo, and in 1880 he headed an expedition sent by the Ger- man (iovernment to explore Kamerun, in West Africa. He established the station of Barombi on Elephant Lake in 1888, and from there under- took a remarkable march to the Binue, crossing for the first time the forests which separate Kamerun from the interior, establishing the sta- tion of Baliburg, and arriving again at Barombi in January, 1890. After a short rest in Germany he returned to Kamerun, where he carried out a successful attempt to regulate trade. In 1893-94 he traveled in Zanzibar, German and Portuguese East Africa, and the Transvaal. ZINZENDORF, tsln'tsen-dorf, Kikolaus Lud- WIG, Count von Zinzendorf and Pottendorf (1700-60). Founder of the reorganized iloravian Church or United Brethren. He was born at Dresden, Jlay 26, 1700, and was educated by his grandmother. Spener, the head of the Pietists, was a frequent visitor at her house, and his con- versation, and the devotional exercises in which Zinzendorf took part, inlluenced his character while a mere child. In 1710 he went to Halle, where he spent six years, vmder the special care of Franeke, the philanthropist. (See Francke, A. H. ) In 1716 he was sent to Wittenberg, where Pietism was in less repute than at Halle; but he adhered to his early religious impressions. From 1719 to 1721 he traveled through Holland and France, everywhere endeavoring to convert the distinguislied persons whom he met to his own religious views. On his return to Drr'-ilen he was appointed a member of the Saxon State Council. But political life was little to his mind, and he returned to his country-seat in Upper Lusatia. While residing there, he accidentally met a wandering carpenter, named Cliristian David, a member of the old sect of Moravian Brethren. Davi<l described the persecutions to which the sect was exposed, and Zinzendorf lis- tened to the request of these Moravians that he would give them a refuge an<l invited them to settle on his estate; the colony received the name of 'Herrnhut.' In 1734 Zinzendorf went under a feigned name to Stralsimd to pass an examination in theology-, and was ordained a min- ister of the Lutheran Church. In 1736 he was banished from Saxony, on a charge of introducing dangerous novelties in religion. He repaired to Holland, where he- founded a Moravian colony, and afterwards to Esthonia and Livonia, where he also founded colonies. In 1737. at the request of King Frederick William I. of Prussia, he was ordained bishop of the Moravians. In the same year he went to London, where lie was received with much consideratinn by Wesh'V. In 1741 he went to North ."Vmeriea, and foinided the ccle- l)rated M<iravian colony at Bcllileliem, Pa. He labored earnestly to promote unity among the