Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/941

ZUMPT. 803 ZURBARAN. studying at Heidelberg and Berlin, he was ap- puinted professor of tlie classics in the Joaehiins- tlial Gymnasiuni, and later became professor of history in the military school. In 18'27 he was appointed extraordinary professor of Roman lit- erature in the I niversity of Berlin, and in l.S.'J" became full jirofessor. His Latin Graiiiiiinr, first publislied in 1818, passed through many editions; he also edited Quintilian (1831), Quintus Cur- tius (1849), certain of Cicero's writings, and published among other works, the following: Aiiiuilcs Veterum Kcynorum ct Populonim, Im- primis Romanorum (1819; 3d ed. 1862) ; Ueber (Icii Stand der Beviilkeriiitfi uiid die }'olksi'cr- iiichniiiy im Altertum, (1841); Ueber die bau- liclic Einrichtuiuj dra rihnischen ^yo^lnha^(ses (2d ed. 1851) ; Vcbcr drn Best and der philosophischen Sehulcn in Athen iind die Succession der Scholi- urclien (1843); and Die Religion der Rbmer (1845). Consult A. W. Zumpt, De 0. Zumptii Vita rt Stiidiis Xarratio (Berlin, 1851). ZUMSTEEG, tsum'stag, Johann Rudolf (17GO-1S02). A German composer, born at Sachsentlur, in the Odenwald. Under the in- struction of the kapellmeister Poli and others, he developed into a brilliant 'cellist and composer. He succeeded Poli, in 1792, as Court kapellmeister at Stuttgart, where he produced eight operas, of which Die Geisterinsel and Dos I'faiieiifcst are best known. A school-mate and intimate friend of Schiller's, he composed choruses to the poet's RUiiber. He is known chiefly as the first German composer of ballads, and the precursor of Lijwe. His Leonore, Des Pfarrers Tochter von Tanben- licim, Ritter Karl von Eiclienlwrst, Die Biisscnde, and Ritter Toggcnburg are of lasting merit, as are also his songs and romances. ZTJNI, zoo'nye. The largest of the Pueblo villages, sitiuxted on a small stream about 40 miles southwest of Fort Wingate. near the west boundary of New Jlexico. The inhabitants, who constitute a distinct linguistic stock, call them- selves Ashiwi and are identical with the people of Cibola of the earliest Spanish explorers. They are peaceable, industrious in their native arts, agricultural, and extremely tenacious of their ancient beliefs. In their house-building, agricul- ture, pottery, weaving, social organization, and ceremonial observances they reseniltle the Pueblos generally, of whom they and the Hopi (q.v.) may be considered the most typical tribes. Their authentic history began in 1539, when they first became known to the Spaniards. At a later pe- riod they were brought under subjection and mis- sionary influence, but in the great Pueblo revolt of IGSO they drove out or massacred the mis- sionaries and other Spaniards and remained inde- pendent of Spanish authorit.y until 1G92. They have alwaj's kept peace with the Americans. They number now about 1540, and are slowly de- creasing. See Pueblo, and accompanying plate showing Zuni Pueblo. For examples of their handicraft see Colored Plates under Bl. ket and Pottery. ZtriTZ, tsunts, Leopold (1794-188G). A dis- tinguished .Jewish scholar. He was born at Detmold. and after studying in Gottingen and Berlin, accepted in 1820 a post as preacher in Berlin; W'hile there he was also one of the editors of the Spenersche Zeitung. In 1835 he became preacher in Prague, but in 1839 returned to Ber- lin to take charge of the normal school there, and in 1845 was a member of the commission apjiointed for the investigation of the congrega- tional and e<lucational interests of the Jews. In 1818 lie published h'liras iiher die rabbinisch-e Lit- teratur, which was the inauguration of the scien- tific study of the .Jewish rabbinical writings, and exerted a wide influence. He founded the Zeit- schrift fiir die Wissensehaft des -fudentums (1822-23). His most important work was Die goitesdienstJichen Vortrtiye der Jtiden (1832; 2d ed. 1892), an investigation of the religious hom- ily and of biblical exegesis as embodied in rab- binical literature, which is still the authoritative work on the subject. Other important works were: Die Namen der Juden (1S3G); Zur Oe- nchichte und Littcratur (1845) ; Die si/nagogale Poesie des Mittelalters (1855) ; Die liitus des si/nagogalen Gottesdienstes geschiehtUch ent- u-ickelt (1859) ; and Litteratiirgcsehichte der synagogalen Poesie (1865; appendix 18G7). In 1839 he served as one of the editors of a transla- tion of the Old Testament, in association with M. Sachs, .Julius Fiirst, and H. Arnlieini. Zunz's writings are marked by great learning, a mar- velous grasp of details, and an admirable method. ZUPITZA, tsoo-pe'tsa, Julius (1844-95). A Ciernian philologist and student of Anglo-Saxon. He was born at Kerjien, in Upper Silesia, and was educated at the universities of Berlin and Bres- lau. In 1872 he was called to Vienna as pro- fessor of Germanic languages, and in 1876 he went to lierlin as professor of English language and literature. After 1889 he was vice-president of the German Shakespeare Society. Zupitza was not less remarkable as a teacher than as a scholar, and thus had a wider influence on scholarship than can be shown by a list of his works. Aside from very numerous contril)Utions to philological journals, his important pifljlications include: Rubins Gedichte kritisch bearbeitet (18G7); Einfilhrung in das Studium des Mittelhoeh- deutschen (1868); Dietrielis Abenteuer von Albrecht von Kcmeiuiten (1870); Alt- und mittelengliselies Uebungsbuch (1874; 6th ed. 1902) ; The Romance of Oui/ of Wariviek (1875- 91); CijncKulfs Elene (1877: 4th ed. 1S99) ; JElfrics Grammatik und Glossar (1881) ; Beowulf Autoti/pes (1882) : and Specimens of All the Ac- cessible Vnprinted ilanuscripts of the Canterbury Tales (1890-02). ZTJRBARAN, thoor'ba-ran', Fr.>'CISCO de (1598-10G2). A celebrated Spanish painter of the Andalusian school,. born at Fuente de Cantos, Estremadura. A pupil of .Juan de las Roelas at Seville, he also studied diligently from nature and adopted a vigorous realistic style, akin to the chi- aroscuro eflfects of Caravaggio, whence he is often styled the Spanish Caravaggio. For the Cathedral of Seville he painted in 1625 a series of "Scenes from the Life of Saint Peter." and soon after executed one of his most celebrated works, tlie "Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas," now in the Seville Museum, a grand altar-piece, rich and ef- fective in coloring, the heads all being admirable studies and the street view in the centre remark- able for its atmospheric depth. Called to the Jlonastery of Guadalupe, he painted there eleven pictures on the life of Saint .Jerome, and after his return to Seville was employed in the Carthusian ^Monastery of Santa Maria de las Cuevas, in de-