The Subjunctive is used—
{e) When the Relative involves an idea of cause: fŭĭt mirĭfĭcā vĭgĭlantĭa quī suō tōtō cōnsŭlatŭ somnum nōn vlderit "He has shown marvellous wakefulness, since he has not seen sleep (i.e., slept a wink) in his entire consulship." So, ŭt quĭ, quippĕ quī, utpŏte quī.
The Indicative is used whenever we do not wish to imply that one event is the cause of the other, but simply to state them side by side: stultē fēcī quī ămīcum āmīsī "I have acted foolishly—I who have lost my friend."
The Indicative is also used in parenthetical sentences with qui "such": quā prūdentĭā ĕs, nĭhĭl tē fŭgĭĕt " Such is your sagacity, nothing will escape you."
In these parenthetical sentences, we might have ĭs for qui.
§ 401. Temporal Sentences.—The Subjunctive is used with Temporal Conjunctions of events expected and intended to occur.
With dum "until:" exspectātĕ dum dictātŏr fīăt " Wait till a dictator can be appointed;" reŭs, dum cōnsŭlĕrentŭr pătrēs, in fŏrō rĕtentŭs ĕst "The accused was detained in the Forum to allow time for the Senators to be consulted."
With ante quam, prĭŭs quam 'before that, ' 'before:' collem prĭŭs quam sentĭātŭr commūnĭt" He fortifies the hill before he can be perceived;" antĕ quam vĕniăt littĕrās mīttĕt "Before coming, he will write."
The Subjunctive is sometimes used to express Purpose: (1) with dōnĕc, guoăd until, (2) with dum while: rēx dum rĕcēns terror essĕt, exercĭtum ad urbem mīsĭt "The king sent an army to the city zuhile the panic was (should be) fresh."
Sometimes the Subjunctive is used after dōnĕc, antĕ quavi, prĭus quam, without affecting the sense. (Roby, Lat. Gram., Vol. II., §§ 1670, 1674.)
§ 402. Causal Sentences.—The Indicative is used with quŏd, quĭă 'because,' quŏniam, quandō 'since,' sĭ quĭdem 'if,' ' as is the case,' ' since,' quātĕnŭs 'inasmuch as,' if they simply give the real cause: dŏlĕt mĭhĭ quŏd stŏmăchārĭs "I am pained because you are angry."
But the Subjunctive is used with them if they give the alleged reason[1] (§ 216): Sōcrătēs accūsātŭs est quŏd
- ↑ The alleged reason is not necessarily a false one.
