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Abu 22 Adam Al)U-Turab, Mir, ^i^, ^ Salami Sayyid of Sliiraz, wlio served, with his son Mir Gadai, ia Gujrat, and then under Akhar. He died in 1005 H., and Ues buried in Ahmadabad ; vide &ia Translation I, p. 506.] Abu-'Ubaida, i'^i^^ yj, a friend and associate of Muham- mad, who had the command of the Moslem army in the time of Abu-Bakr, the first khalifa, but bemg defeated m a battle against the troops of the Greek emperor, be was deprived of the command, which was given to -^aUcl. 'Umar, on his accession to the khilafat, replaced Abu- 'TJbaida in the command of the army m Syria, being greatly displeased with the cruel and blood-thirsty disposi- tion of Khalid. Abu-'Ubaida extended his conquests over Palestine and SjTia, and drove the Greeks out of the whole country extending from the Mediterranean to the Jiu- phi-ates. This conquest was completed m 639 A. D., 18 A H in which year Syria was visited by a dreadful plague, in which the Moslems lost 25,000 men, among whom were Abu-'Ubaida himself, Yazid ibn Abu-Sufyan, and many other men of distinction. Abu-'Ubaida ibn-Mas'ud, ^y-^'o ^^: iSxxs^ y, a general in the time of the khalifa 'Umar. He was defeated and killed in battle by Farrukhzad, who com- manded the army of Turan-Dukht, queen of Persia, about the year 635 A. D. Abu-'Ubaida Earn bin-Salam, author of a work on " Karaat." Abu-'Ubaida Ma'mar bin-Al-musanni, j^^iUl ^^,J^JO i'^.^ y}, a famous Arabian grammarian, born in Basra, who lived in the time of Harun-ur-Eashid, and died A. D. 824, 209 A. H., aged 99 lunar years. Abu-'Umar Minliaj al-Jurjani, ^JWJ=r^ )l author of the " Tabakat-i-Nasiri", a celebrated history, written in 1252 A. D., 650 A. H., and dedicated to Sultan Nasir-uddin Mahmud of Dihli. Vide Minhaj-i- Siraj. Abu-Yahya bin-Sanjar,^^"' (^^' t5^,=^_>^', author of a Diwan in Arabic. He died in 1234 A. D., 632 A. H. Abu-Yahya Ahmad bin-Daud al-Farazi al- Jurjani, <i5i li'. '^♦^1 csi^^J^'j who was originally a Sunni, but became a convert to the Imamiya or Shf a faith,* is the author of a biographical work, entitled " Kitab ft' ma'rifat-u--Kijal," containing the lives of emi- nent Shi'as. Abu-Ya'kub al-Warrak, cjUj-'i vide Muham- mad bin-Is-hak an-Nadfm. Abu-Yazid, j'^'^^^'"^^y.M'^, Maktabdar, secretary of state in Egypt, who rebelled against Kaim, the second khalifa of the race of the Fatimites. He was not punish- ed for his rebellion till Isma'il al-Mansur defeated him, and confined him in an iron cage where he ended his days. Abu-Yusuf, ^-^yiy} p^';, (Imam) bin-Habib al-Kuff, a celebrated Kaz'i of Baghdad, and one of the first pupUs of Abu-Hani'fa', dignified with the title of Kazi'-l-Kuzat, or supreme judge, in the reigns of Hadi and Harun-ur-Eashid, khalifas of Baghdad. He supported the tenets of Abu- Hanifa, and maintained the dignity of liis office by impar- tiality. "When one day reproached for his ig-norance of one of the causes brought before him, for the decision of which he received an ample allowance, he jocosely replied, that he received in proportion as he knew ; hut, said hey if I were paid for all I do not know, the riches of the khi- lafat itself would not be sufficient to answer my demands^ He was born 731 A. D., 113 A. H., and died on the 13th September 798, A. D., 27th Eajab, 182 A. H., at the age of 69 years, at Baghdad. The only work known to have been written by him, treats of the duties of a Magistrate, and is entitled " Adab-ul-Kazi." The reputation of this work has been eclipsed by that of another, having a simi- lar title, by al-Khassaf. Abu-Yusuf Ya'kub bin-Sulaiman Isfaraini,iy(*jJ«. di.^y. yj author of the " Sharait-ul- Khilafat." He died in 1095 A. D., 488 A. H. Abn-Zakariya Yaliya al-ITawawi, vide Nawawi. Abu-Zarr, t^^j'^ J'^y-^j the father of the Karamatians irs Arabia, who not only opposed the religion of Muhammad, but plundered and insulted the temple of Mecca and car- ried away the black stone which was believed to have fallen from heaven. He died 953 A. D., 342 A. H. Vide Karmat. Abu-Zarr Yakut Mausili, ^J"^y> y}, a cele- brated caligrapher. Abu-Zubaid, (y^Jj^Jl^ an author who has written on the lion and all its names in the Arabic language. Abrakh Khan, ij-^ i^jW, (the son of Kizilbash Khan Afshar, governor of the fort of Ahmadnagar, who died there in the 22nd year of Shah Jahan) was a nobleman of high rank in the time of 'Alamgir. A few years before his death, he was appointed governor of Barar, where he died on the 24th of July, 1685 A, D., 3rd Kamazan, 1096 A. H. Abru, ^y!^3 vide Hafiz Abru. A^:)V^X,^y^} poetical name of Shah Najm-uddm of Dihli, alias Shah Mubarak, who flourished in the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah. He died in 1161 H. Vide Sprenger, Oudh MSS., p. 196.] Abtin, the father of Faridun, seventh king of Persia of the first, or Peshdadian, dynasty. Abtfn pretended that he derived his origin from Jamshed, king of Persia of the same dynasty. Aehanak Begam, one of the concubines of the emperor Akbar. She had built a garden on the banks of the Jamu- na at Agra, called Aehanak Bagh. Some traces of it are yet to be seen. Achehhe, S^^, the poetical name of prince Baland-Akhtar, a brother of the emperor Muhammad Shah of Dihli. He was familiarly called Achehhe Sahib, and therefore chose Achehhe for his ' takhallus.' He is the author of a beautiful poem, called " Nahi'd-o-Akhtar," i. e. Venus and the Star, containing 355 verses, which he completed in the year 1726 A. D., 1139 A. H. Adam, the first man. The Mnhammadans place Adam's Paradise in heaven ; hence after the fall Adam and Hawwa (Eve) were hurled doAvn to earth. As this event happened about 7,000 years before the Hijra, Adam is often called haft-hazari.] Adam Khan Gakkhar, ci^^ f^"^, chief of the Gakkhars, who defied the power of the emperor Akbar. In 970, at the instigation of Kamal Khan Gakkhar, Adam was attacked, and defeated and captui-ed at Hilan, south of Chi- lianwala, near Dangalf, Adam's stronghold. Vide Kia. Translation, I, 457.]