Interrogatively.
Sing.
Ai-je? Have I?
As-tu? Hast thou?
A-t-il? Has he?
A-t-elle? Has she?
Plur.
Avons-nous? Have we?
Avez-vous? Have you?
Ont-ils? m. Have they?
Ont-elles? f. Have they?
5. The e of the pronoun je is elided, when that pronoun comes before a vowel or an h mute, and replaced by an apostrophe, as J'ai [J(e)ai], I have, as above [§ 146].
6. In interrogative sentences, when the third person singular of a verb ends with a vowel, and is immediately followed by a pronoun, the letter t, called euphonic [Sect. I. 30], must be placed between the verb and the pronoun, and joined by two hyphens, as:—
A-t-il? Has he? A-t-elle? Has she?
Résumé of Examples.
Le père a la viande, vous avez le café, et j'ai l'eau. The father has the meat, you have the coffee, and I have the water.
L'homme a le pain, l'enfant a le sel, et nous avons le poivre. The man has the bread, the child has the salt, and we have the pepper.
Vocabulary.
Avoine, f., oats.
Blé, m., wheat.
Boucher, m., butcher.
Boulanger, m., baker.
Cheval, m., horse.
Et, and.
Farine, f., flour.
Frère, m., brother.
Livre, m., book.
Madame, Madam.
Mademoiselle, Miss.
Meunier, m., miller.
Monsieur, Mr., Sir.
Non, no.
Oui, yes.
Pain, m., bread.
Plume, f., pen.
Qui, who.
Sel, m., salt.
Seulement, only.
Table, f., table.
Thé, m., tea.
Viaude, f., meat.
Vin, m., wine.
Vinaigre, m., vinegar.
Obs.—Note and remember that the noun livre, book, is masculine, but the nouns livre, a pound (in weight), and livre, a piece of money equivalent to a franc, are feminine.
Exercise 1.
To be translated into English.
1. Qui a le pain? 2. Le boulanger a le pain. 3. A-t-il la farine? 4. Oui, Monsieur, il a la farine. 5. Avons-nous la viande? 6. Oui, Monsieur, vous avez la viande et la pain. 7. Le meunier a la farine. 8. Le boulanger a la farine et le blé. 9. Avons-nous le livre et la plume? 10. Oui, Mademoiselle, vous avez le livre et la plume. 11. Le boucher a la viande. 12. Le meunier a la viande et j'ai le café. 13. Avez-vous l'eau et le sel? 14. Oui, Monsieur, nous avons l'eau, le sel, et l'avoine. 15. Avons-nous le thé? 16. Non, Monsieur, la fille a le thé, le vinaigre, et le sel. 17. Ai-je le vin? 18. Non, Madame, vous avez seulement le vinaigre et la viande. 19. Avez-vous la table? 20. Oui, Madame, j'ai la table.
Exercise 2.
To be translated into French.
1. Have you the wheat? 2. Yes, Sir, I have the wheat. 3. Who has the meat? 4. The butcher has the meat and the salt. 5. Has he the oats? C. No, Madam, the horse has the oats. 7. Have we the wheat ? 8. You have the wheat and the flour. 9. Who has the salt ? 10. I have the salt and the meat. 11. Have we the vinegar, the tea, and the coffee? 12. No, Sir, the brother has the vinegar. 13. Who has the horse? 14. The baker has the horse. 15. Have we the book and the pen? 16. No, Miss, the girl has the pen, and the miller has the book. 17. Have you the table, Sir? 18. No, Sir, I have only the book. 19. Who has the table? 20. We have the table, the pen, and the book.
SECTION III.-THE ARTICLE (Continued).
1. The article le, with the preposition de preceding, must be contracted into du, when it comes before a word in the masculine singular, commencing with a consonant or an h aspirated [§ 13 (8) (9)], as:—
Du frère, of the brother.
Du château, of the castle.
Du héros, of the hero.
Du chemin, of the way.
2. Before feminine words, and before masculine words commencing with a vowel or an h mute, the article is not blended with the preposition, as:—
De la dame, f., of the lady.
De l'argent, m., of the money.
De l'amie, f., of the female friend.
De l'honneur, m., of the honour.
3. In French, the name of the possessor follows the name of the object possessed [§ 76 (10)], as:—
La maison du médecin, The physician's house.
L'arbre du jardin, The tree of the garden.
La lettre de la sœur, The sister's letter.
4. The name of the material of which an object is composed always follows the name of the object; the two words being connected by the preposition de [§ 76 (11)], as:—
L'habit de drap, The cloth coat.
La robe de soie, The silk dress.
La montre d'or, The gold watch.
Résumé of Examples.
Le tailleur a l'habit de drap du médecin. The tailor has the physician's cloth coat.
Vous avez la lettre de la sœur du boulanger. You have the baker's sister's letter (the letter of the sister of the baker).
A-t-il le livre de la dame? Has he the lady's book?
Vocabulary.
Argent, m., silver, money.
Bas, m., stocking.
Bois, m., wood.
Chapeau, m., hat.
Charpentier, m., carpenter.
Cordonnier, m., shoemaker.
Coton, m., cotton.
Couteau, m., knife.
Cuir, m., leather.
Dame, f., lady.
Drap, m., cloth.
Foin, m., hay.
Habit, m., coat.
Laine, f., wool.
Médecin, m., physician.
Montre, f., watch.
Or, m., gold.
Porte-crayon, m., pencil-case.
Robe, f., dress.
Satin, m., satin.
Sœur, m., sister.
Soie, f., silk.
Soulier, m., shoe.
Table, f., table.
Tailleur, m., tailor.
Exercise 3.
To be translated into English.
1. Avez-vous la montre d'or? 2. Oui, Madame, j'ai la montre d'or et le chapeau de soie. 3. Monsieur, avez-vous le livre du tailleur? 4. Non, Monsieur, j'ai le livre du médecin. 5. Ont-ile le pain du boulanger? 6. Ils ont le pain du boulanger et la farine du meunier. 7. Avez-vous le porte-crayon d'argent? 8. Oui, Monsieur, nous avons le porte-crayon d'argent. 9. Avons-nous l'avoine du cheval? 10. Vous avez l'avoine et le foin du cheval. 11. Qui a l'habit de drap du charpentier? 12. Le cordonnier a le chapeau de soie du tailleur. 13. Le tailleur a le soulier de cuir du cordonnier. 14. Avez-vous la table de bois? 15. Oui, Monsieur, j'ai la table de bois du charpentier. 16. Ont-ils le conteau d'argent? 17. Ils ont le couteau d'argent. 18. Le frère du médecin a la montre d'argent. 19. La sœur du cordonnier a la robe de soie. 20. A-t-elle le soulier de cuir? 21. Non, Madame, elle a le soulier de satin. 22. Avons-nous le bas de laine? 23. Non, Monsieur, vous avez le bas de soie du tailleur. 24. Qui a le bas de coton? 25. Le médecin a le bas de coton. 26. La dame a le soulier de satin de la sœur du boulanger.
EXERCISE 4. To be translated into French. 1. Have you the tailor's book? 2. No, Sir, I have the physician's watch. 3. Who has the gold watch ? 4. The lady has the gold watch and the silver pencil-case. 5. Have you the tailor's shoe ? 6. I have the tailor's cloth shoe. 7. Have we the wooden table? 8. Yes, Sir, you have the wooden table. 9. Have they the silver knife ? 10. They have the silver knife. 11. The lady has the silver knife and the gold pencil-case. 12. Has she the satin dress? 13. The physician's sister has the satin dress. 14. Who has the wood? 15. The carpenter's brother has the wood. 16. Have you the woollen stockings? 17. No, Sir, I have the cotton stockings. 18. Who has the baker's bread ? 19. We have the baker's bread and the miller's flour. 20. Have we the horse's hay? 21. You have the horse's oats. 22. Have we the tailor's silk hat ? 23. Yes, Sir, you have the tailor's silk hat and the shoemaker's leather shoe. 24. Have you the cloth shoe of the physician's sister? 25. No, Madam, I have the lady's silk dress.
LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.—I.
EARLY NOTIONS; THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE SCRIPTURES.
The term Geography is derived from two Greek words, γη, the earth, and γραφη, a description (pronounced ghee and gra-phe), and simply means a description of the earth's surface; it is therefore rightly applied to that science which treats of the natural outline and extent, the political division and constitution, the civil and social condition, and the industrial wealth and population of the various countries, kingdoms, and states which have appeared, or which now exist on the face of the globe. Geography includes also the description of the form of the earth, its
