The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
The economic history of the Continent has moved by different stages from that of England, and the categories employed by Continental thinkers have accordingly been different. In France, where the site on which the modern economic system was to be erected was levelled by a cataclysm, and in Germany, which passed in the fifty years between 1850 and 1900 through a development that in England had occupied two hundred, there has been little temptation to question that capitalist civilization is a phenomenon differing, not merely in degree, but in kind, from the social order preceding it. It is not surprising, therefore, that its causes and characteristics should have been one of the central themes of historical study in both. The discussion began with the epoch-making work of Marx, who was greater as a sociologist than as an economic theorist, and continues unabated. Its most elaborate monument is Sombart's Der Moderne Kapitalismus.
The first edition of Sombart's book appeared in 1902. Weber's articles, of which the first was published two years later, were a study of a single aspect of the same problem. A whole literature[1] has arisen on the subject
- ↑ See, in particular, the following: E. Troeltsch, Die Sozialen Lehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen (1912); F. Rachfahl, Kalvinismus und Kapitalismus (Internationale Wochenschrift, 1909, i. III); B. L. Brentano, Die Anfänge des Modernen Kapitalismus (1916) and Der Wirthschaftende Mensch in der Geschichte (1911); W. Sombart, Die Juden und das Wirthschaftsleben (1911 . Eng. trans. The Jews and Modern Capitalism, 1913), and Der Bourgeois (1913. Eng. trans. The Quintessence of Modern Capitalism, 1915); G. v. Schulze-Gaevernitz, "Die Geistesgeschichtlichen Grundlagen der Anglo-Amerikanischen Weltsuprematie. III. Die Wirthschaftsethik des Kapitalismus" (Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, Bd. 61, Heft 2); H. Sée, "Dans quelle mesure Puritains et Juifs ont-ils contribué au Progrès du Capitalisme Moderne?" (Revue Historique, t. CLV, 1927)
