of the foundation of that city was three thousand three hundred years ago : what changes cannot have occurred in that time ? Nowadays the Jumna alters its course very slightly indeed : it is turned to the east by the fort of Salimgarh, and by the modern city, built on ground which centuries ago was at a much lower level, and not safe from flood. The extensive felling of Himalayan forests has caused a diminution of the precipitation of rain ; the withdrawal of the greater part of its volume of water by great canals has rendered the river powerless. We cannot argue from the conditions of to-day in this river, but surely we can apply the results of observation of other rivers to imagine what once took place.
History and observation both suggest to us that the course of the river has altered within the last few centuries. Turkman Shah, the saint, Is said to have lived and to have been buried on the banks of the river, and the Em- press Riziyat was buried in 1240 on the river- bank. The graves of both are near the Turkman Gate, far from the river, as it now flows. Mubarik Shah, whose tomb has been mentioned, founded his incomplete city on the bank, and was buried within it. This tomb is not far from a ravine, which starts between the Ajmere and
