and the United States do more business with Russia than does France. The political factor is of great importance in international relationships.
Russia is still a predominantly agricultural country, with a mainly rural pepulation, although of late the growth of the towns and of manufacturing industry has been comparatively rapid.[1]
Under Alexander III and his successor the peasants were granted certain concessions. From 1883 onwards the poll tax was abolished by progressive stages (in Siberia not until 1899). But during the reign of Alexander III there was a great increase in indirect taxation. The Peasants' Bank founded in 1882 helped the peasants to acquire land, but the Nobles' Bank was of still greater assistance to the nobility. After the liberation a severe crisis affected the noble landowners, but the trouble had in truth begun before 1861, for about two-thirds of the owners of serfs were heavily indebted.
During the reign of Alexander III financial support and strengthening of the nobility became a deliberate policy. In 1883, in opposition to previous law and custom, a new law was promulgated concerning estates where the succession had failed. In future these estates were to accrue to the corporation of the nobility instead of to the state. The Nobles' Bank was founded in 1885, its aim being, as explained in its charter, to secure for the nobility the leading position in army, local administration, and judiciary, so that the example of the nobles might diffuse rules of faith and loyalty and establish sound principles of national culture.
In this spirit and with this aim financial privileges were continually being granted to the nobility, and it was in this spirit that the reforms of the period were conceived; but the
- ↑
Year. Percentage of
Towndwellers.Round Total of
urban Population.1724 . . . . . . . . 3·0 17,300,000 1784 . . . . . . . . 3·1 17,800,000 1796 . . . . . . . . 4·1 11,300,000 1812 . . . . . . . . 4·4 11,600,000 1835 . . . . . . . . 5·8 13,000,000 1851 . . . . . . . . 7·8 13,500,000 1878 . . . . . . . . 9·2 16,000,000 1890 . . . . . . . . 12·85 13,900,000 1897 . . . . . . . . 13·25 17,100,000 Between 1724 and 1897 the urban population increased fifty-onefold and the rural population eightfold. In France the urban population comprises nearly 41 per cent. and in England more than 75 per cent. of the total.
