views, greatly excels him. Concerning nature and its relationships to man consult Alfred Hettner, Das europäische Russland: Studie zur Geographie des Menschen, 1906.
Problems of the present day. Valuable matter bearing upon these problems from the progressive outlook is to be found in the eighteen essays contained in the collection by J. Mel'nik, Russen über Russland, 1906. Other works are the following: M. Sering, Russlands Kultur und Volkswirtschaft, 1913 (an excellent book). M. L. Schlesinger, Russland in XX Jahrhundert: mit einer Uebersichtskarte, 1908 (the author is well-informed, but his treatment of the subject is somewhat cursory). A better book by the same author is Land und Leute in Russland, 1909. Gregory Alexinsky, Modern Russia, 1912, and Russia and Europe, 1917. Harold W. Williams, Russia of the Russians, 1913. Maurice Baring, The Mainsprings of Russia, 1914.
Political organisation. M. von Oettingen, Abriss des russischen Staatsrechts, 1899 (a serviceable work, but somewhat antiquated). The topic is treated more fully in the following articles in Marquardsen's Handbuch des öffentlichen Rechtes: J. Engelmann, "Das Staatsrecht des russischen Reiches."
Concerning the organisation of the zemstvos consult A. von Gernet, Die Grundzüge der russischen Landschafts verfassung, 1897 (the account is given after the reorganisation of 1890). Palme, Die russische Verfassung, 1890 (analysis of the state fundamental law and of the electoral law—a good book).
In Sombart's Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, vol. xxiii, Heft 1, Appendix, Max Weber, in "Russlands Uebergang zur Scheinkonstitutionalismus}}," 1906, gives a critical sketch of the development of parties after the December rising in Moscow.
The following articles should be consulted in the Handwörterbuch der Staats wissenschaften: "Mir," "Bauernbefreiung" (in Russia), "Artelle," etc. Turning to periodicals, the "Neue Zeit," and the "Sozialistische Monatshefte" regularly publish accounts of Russian conditions and economic literature bearing upon Russia.
(c) Social and economic history. G. von Schulze-Gävernitz, Volkswirtschaftliche Studien aus Russland, 1899. Engelmann, Geschichte der Leibeigenschaft in Russland, 1884. Keussler, Zur Geschichte und Kritik des bauerlichen Gemeindebesitzes in Russland, 4 vols., 1876–87. Nicolai-on, Die Volkswirtschaft in Russland nach der Bauernemanzipation, 1899. Simkhowitsch, Die Feldgemeinschaft in Russland, 1898. (For criticism of Nicolai-on and the narodniki generally, consult the author's essay Die sozialökonomischen Lehren der russischen Narodniki, "Jahrbücher für Nationalokonomie und Statistik," 1897. Jas. Mavor, An Economic History of Russia, 2 vols., 1914: V. de Kovalevski, La Russie à la fin du XIXe siècle. Paris, 1900.
