Page:The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth century (1887) - Volume 1.djvu/69

ENGLISH EXAMPLES 49 INTRODUCTION The detached kitchens, bakehouses, brewhouses, etc., beautifully con- structed in stone, which still exist at Glastonbury, Stanton Harcourt, and elsewhere, are a remnant of the old fashion of building all the offices apart from the main building. The Castle of Warwick (Fig. 38), rebuilt by Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, in 1360-69, illustrates the dispositions of the various halls and other apartments at that time. (See plans in Parker.) We have here the great hall and the little hall, a separate dining-room and drawing- room, private rooms, numerous bedrooms, etc. The enceinte is fortified with two great towers at the angles, called Caesar's Tower and Guy's Tower, with a large gatehouse between, provided with a barbican or outer fortification. The sketch of Caesar's Tower (Fig. 38) shows that the English Castellated Architecture of the period was but little inferior to that of France, and forms a good companion picture to the view of the Western Towers of Pierrefonds. Bodiam Castle, Sussex (Fig. 39), is also a good example of an English castle of the end of the fourteenth century, the licence to build it having been granted in 1385. The building consists of a quadrangle 152 feet by 138 feet over the walls, which rise directly from the water of the moat which surrounds it. This has been formed artificially, by excavation on one side and damming up on the other, and is still in good preserva- tion. The sketch shows the north and east fronts, with the principal entrance to the castle in the centre of the former, approached by a cause- way with drawbridge and barbican, the remains of which are visible. The curtain walls are 40 - 6 high, and the towers are 56 feet high, and are provided with stone parapets and machicolations. The entrance gateway is finely vaulted, and has the usual portcullis and gates. The hall and kitchen occupy the south side of the quadrangle ; the passage through the "screens," which has three service doors, leads to a postern opening on the moat. Everything here betokens a castle built for strength. There are few and small openings to the exterior, all the principal windows being to the courtyard ; but, although strong, it is manifestly very inferior as a fortress to such buildings as Pierre- fonds. The chapel and private I'ooms occupied the east side, and bar- racks and offices the west side. Manor-houses were frequently erected in the form of a quadrangle, having the hall and principal apartments on one side, stables and offices on other two sides, and the gatehouse on the fourth side. They are invariably surrounded with a moat, and protected by a drawbridge and portcullis. The wings sometimes form towers of three or four stories in height. The outbuildings are still frequently of wood. Every house of any importance is fortified, so that it is difficult to draw the line between the house and the castle or fortress, the latter having always habitable parts, and the former being strongly fortified.