with the integral atoms, with the individual mind and conscience; all be tried by that test, personal integrity, at last. What is false to myself I must never do—at no time, for no consideration, in nowise. This is the doctrine of the higher law; the doctrine of allegiance to God; a doctrine which appears in every form of religion ever taught in the world; a doctrine admitted by the greatest writers on the foundation of human law, from Cicero to Lord Brougham. Even Bentham comes back to this. I know it is nowadays taught in the United States, that, if any statute is made after the customary legal form, it is morally binding on all men, no matter what the statute may be; that a command to kidnap a black man and sell him into Slavery is as much morally binding as a command for a man to protect his own wife and child. A people that will practically submit to such a doctrine is not worthy of liberty, and deserves nothing but law, oppressive law, tyrannical law, and will soon get what it deserves. If a people has this notion, that they are morally bound to obey any statute legally made, though it conflict with public morals, with private conscience, and with the law of God, then there is no hope of such a people, and the sooner a tyrant whips them into their shameful grave, the better for the world. Trust me, to such a people the tyrant will soon come. Where the carcass is, thither will the vultures be gathered together. Let no man put asunder the carrion and the crow. So much for the first and indispensable safeguard.
The next is derivative therefrom: Righteousness in the
Establishments of the People. Under this name I include
three things—namely, institutions, constitutions, and
statutes. Institutions are certain modes of operation,
certain social, ecclesiastical, or political contrivances for
doing certain things. Thus, an agricultural club is a
social institution to help farming; a private school is a
social institution for educating its pupils; a church is an
ecclesiastical institution for the promotion of religion; an
aristocracy is a political institution for governing all the
people by means of a few, and for the sake of a few; a
congress of senators and representatives is a legislative
institution for making statutes; a jury of twelve men
