of a part of them, the people who live in the country pay every year so much a head, according to the sort of bread they are supposed to consume. Those who consume wheaten bread pay three guilders fifteen stivers; about six shillings and ninepence halfpenny. These, and some other taxes of the same kind, by raising the price of labor, are said to have ruined the greater part of the manufactures of Holland.[1] Similar taxes, though not quite so heavy, take place in the Milanese, in the States of Genoa, in the duchy of Modena, in the duchies of Parma, Placentia and Guastalla, and in the ecclesiastical State. A French[2] author of some note has proposed to reform the finances of his country by substituting in the room of the greater part of other taxes, this most ruinous of all taxes. There is nothing so absurd, says Cicero, which has not sometimes been asserted by some philosophers.
Taxes upon butcher's meat are still more common than those upon bread. It may, indeed, be doubted whether butcher's meat is anywhere a necessary of life. Grain and other vegetables, with the help of milk, cheese and butter, or oil, where butter is not to be had, it is known from experience, can, without any butcher's meat, afford the most plentiful, the most wholesome, the most nourishing and the most invigorating diet. Decency nowhere requires that any man should eat butcher's meat, as it in most places requires that he should wear a linen shirt or a pair of leather shoes.
Consumable commodities, whether necessaries or luxuries, may be taxed in two different ways. The consumer may either pay an annual sum on account of his
