Page:Thomas Hare - The Election of Representatives, parliamentary and municipal.djvu/54

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MAJORITIES, MINORITIES,

out the inconsistency of the claim of the majority to absolute power, with another principle, sometimes asserted, which affirms a right in every individual to be governed only by those laws to which he has given his assent,[1] unless the latter be accompanied with a right in the minority to withdraw themselves from the state. He adds, “dans l'idée de majorité entrent deux éléments très différents ; l'idée d'une opinion qui est accréditée, et celle d'une force qui est prépondérante. Comme force, la majorité n'a aucun droit que celui de la force même qui ne peut être, à ce titre seul, la souveraineté légitime. Comme opinion la majorité est-elle infaillible ? Saint-elle et veut-elle toujours la raison, la justice, qui sont la vraie loi et confèrent seules la souveraineté légitime ? L'expérience dépose du contraire. La majorité en tant que majorité, c'est-à-dire en tant que nombre, ne possède donc la souveraineté légitime, ni en vertu de la force qui ne la confère jamais, ni en vertu de l'infaillibilité qu'elle n'a point.”[2]

The majority in the sense which expresses the major or greater power has ever been purely conventional, some civil institutions requiring it to be composed of a greater and some of a less number of voices. It may be, either a majority consisting of the more numerous of two bodies supporting respectively two contrary propositions, or of the more numerous of several bodies supporting respectively several distinct propositions. If ten propositions, or, which is the same thing, ten candidates be offered to the choice of fifty persons, that they may select one of the ten, six of the fifty persons might form the majority, and the voices of forty-four have no

  1. Histoire des Origines du Gouvernement Représentatif, vol. i., p. 106. Paris, 1851.
  2. Id., p. 107. Sir George Cornewall Lewis has collected the reasons given for the rule that the decision of the majority shall govern, and remarks that they are exhausted in Barbeyrae's translation of Puffendorf, in which the rule is simply founded on this;—“parce qu'il n'y a presque point d'autre expédient pour terminer les affaires”—Essay on the Influence of Authority in Matters of Opinion, § 246, new ed. London, Parker, 1849.