OF MEAN TEMPERATURES OF THE YEAR, AND OF SUMMER AND WINTER, UPON THE CONTINENT.
| LOCALITY. | Average of whole Year. | Summer. | Winter | Difference between Summer and Winter. |
| Umea, Lapland | 35 | 57 | 14 | 41 |
| Stockholm | 42 | 62 | 25 | 37 |
| St. Petersburg | 38½ | 62 | 16 | 46 |
| Moscow | 38½ | 66 | 11 | 55 |
| Copenhagen | 47 | 64 | 31 | 33 |
| Berlin | 47 | 64 | 31 | 33 |
| Hamburgh | 48 | 64 | 32½ | 31½ |
| Warsaw | 48 | 68 | 30 | 38 |
| Paris | 51 | 65 | 38½ | 26½ |
| Vienna | 50 | 68 | 32 | 36 |
| Geneva | 50 | 63 | 35 | 28 |
| Munich | 48 | 65 | 30½ | 34½ |
| Madrid | 59 | 77 | 43½ | 33½ |
| Milan | 55 | 73 | 36 | 37 |
| Naples | 63 | 75 | 50 | 25 |
It is only those parts of Europe that come within the immediate influence of the Mediterranean that have a warmer January than England. With us the mean temperature of the month at sea-level ranges from 32° to 41°. In France the range is almost exactly the same. In some parts of Spain the month reaches 50°; but passing westward from France into the heart of the great mass of the Continent it falls steadily. From the Black Sea to the Baltic it is from 23° to 32°. At Christiania, Stockholm, and Upsala it is 23°. At Moscow, which is in the same parallel of latitude as Edinburgh, it falls to 14°. The difference in position between Edinburgh and Moscow makes a difference in temperature, to the advantage of the former, of 26°. But take July and the difference is all the other way. The average temperature of England in July is from 59° to 63° ; in France it is from 64° to 74° ; in Spain from 68° to 77°; in Central Europe 63° to 72° ; at Stockholm 61°; at Moscow 65°. If we want to match Edinburgh now we shall find a corresponding temperature at Tornea, in Lapland, which is within the Arctic circle, or at Archangel, or at Yakutsk, in Siberia, where the cold in winter is utterly beyond anything of which we here in England can form an idea, the temperature being as far below that of Moscow,
