Opinion of Souter, J.
her from waiving her rights and confessing." 93S.W.3d, at 708 (opinion of Benton, J.).
We granted certiorari, 538 U.S. 1031 (2003), to resolve a split in the Courts of Appeals. Compare United States v. Gale, 952 F.2d 1412, 1418 (CADC 1992) (while "deliberate 'end run' around Miranda" would provide cause for suppression, case involved no conduct of that order); United States v. Carter, 884 F.2d 368, 373 (CA8 1989) ("Elstad did not go so far as to fashion a rule permitting this sort of end run around Miranda"), with United States v. Orso, 266 F.3d 1030, 1034–1039 (CA9 2001) (en banc) (rejecting argument that "tainted fruit" analysis applies because deliberate with holding of Miranda warnings constitutes an "improper tactic"); United States v. Esquilin, 3 U.S. 208 (315), 319–321 (CA1 2000) (similar). We now affirm.
II
"In criminal trials, in the courts of the United States, wherever a question arises whether a confession is incompetent because not voluntary, the issue is controlled by that portion of the Fifth Amendment. . .commanding that no person 'shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.'" Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 532, 542 (1897). A parallel rule governing the admissibility of confessions in state courts emerged from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, see, e. g., Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1936), which governed state cases until we concluded in Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 8 (1964), that "[t]he Fourteenth Amendment secures against state invasion the same privilege that the Fifth Amendment guarantees against federal infringement—the right of a person to remain silent unless he chooses to speak in the unfettered exercise of his own will, and to suffer no penalty. . .for such silence." In unifying the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment voluntariness tests, Malloy "made clear what had already become apparent—that the substantive and procedural safe-
