108 STAT. 1944 PUBLIC LAW 103-322—SEPT. 13, 1994 personnel, and the legitimate reasons why victims of domestic violence may refuse to testify against a defendant; (18) the need for orders of protection, and the implications of mutual orders of protection, dual arrest policies, and mediation in domestic violence cases; and (19) recognition of and response to gender-motivated crimes of violence other than rape, sexual assault and domestic violence, such as mass or serial murder motivated by the gender of the victims. 42 USC 13993. SEC. 40413. COOPERATION IN DEVELOPING PROGRAMS IN MAKING GRANTS UNDER THIS TITLE. The State Justice Institute shall ensure that model programs carried out pursuant to grants made under this subtitle are developed with the participation of law enforcement officials, public and private nonprofit victim advocates, legal experts, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and recognized experts on gender bias in the courts. 42 USC 13994. SEC. 40414. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. (a) IN GENERAL. —There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this chapter $600,000 for fiscal year 1996. (b) MODEL RIOGRAMS.—Of amounts appropriated under this section, the State Justice Institute shall expend not less than 40 percent on model programs regarding domestic violence and not less than 40 percent on model programs regarding rape and sexual assault. CHAPTER 2—EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR JUDGES AND COURT PERSONNEL IN FEDERAL COURTS 42 USC 14001. SEC. 40421. AUTHORIZATIONS OF CIRCUIT STUDIES; EDUCATION AND TRAINING GRANTS. (a) STUDIES.— In order to gain a better understanding of the nature and the extent of gender bias in the Federal courts, the circuit judicial councils are encouraged to conduct studies of the instances, if any, of gender bias in their respective circuits and to implement recommended reforms. (b) MATTERS FOR EXAMINATION. —The studies under subsection (a) may include an examination of the effects of gender on— (1) the treatment of litigants, witnesses, attorneys, jurors, and judges in the courts, including before magistrate and bankruptcy judges; (2) the interpretation and application of the law, both civil and criminal; (3) treatment of defendants in criminal cases; (4) treatment of victims of violent crimes in judicial proceedings; (5) sentencing; (6) sentencing alternatives and the nature of supervision of probation and parole; (7) appointments to committees of the Judicial Conference and the courts; (8) case management and court sponsored alternative dispute resolution programs; (9) the selection, retention, promotion, and treatment of employees;
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