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A HISTORY OF DERBYSHIRE called Irish elk (Cervus giganteus], reindeer (Rangtfer tarandus), domestic- ated sheep (Ovis aries), wild horse (Equus caballus fossi/is), woolly rhinoceros (Rhinoceros antiquita tis) , and mammoth (Elephas primigenius] . The bones of the sheep are probably of later age than the other remains, and may have been introduced by human agency. The most interesting of the remains is undoubtedly the bone assigned to the Arctic fox, since, with the exception of specimens from Kent, it appears to be the only evidence of the former existence of that animal in Britain. The bone in question is the second or axis vertebra of the neck. ' This single bone, however,' writes Prof. Busk, ' appears to me to be amply sufficient to identify the species to which it belonged.' This interesting specimen is now in the Manchester Museum. Another noteworthy species is the wolverine, or glutton, since its remains are of very rare occurrence in British caverns. From another of the caverns in Cresswell Crags, the * Robin Hood ' cave, the following fauna was recorded in 1877 by Professor Dawkins 1 : sabre-toothed tiger (Machcerodus latidens), cave-lion (Felis leo spe/aa), leopard (F. part/us), wild cat (F. cafui), cave-hyaena, wolf, fox, brown bear, reindeer, giant fallow deer, Pleistocene bison (Bos priscus), wild horse, woolly rhinoceros, mammoth, and hare (Lepus europaus). In a former list* the wild boar and the water-vole were also mentioned, but from their absence in the present one it may be concluded that the determinations were incorrect. From the superficial deposits of the same cave were obtained remains of the wild cat, dog, fox, marten, stoat, badger, red deer, roe, Celtic shorthorn, sheep or goat, pig, hare, rabbit, and a few undetermined birds. From another cave, ' Mother Grundy's parlour,' in the same locality, Prof. Dawkins 8 records remains of the cave-hyasna, fox, brown bear, bison, reindeer, hare, leptorhine rhinoceros (Rhinoceros leptorhinus), woolly rhinoceros, and an undetermined species of elephant. In 1889 Mr. R. Laing* described jaws of a cat from Cresswell which he identified with the continental Pliocene species Felis bre^nrostris. If the identification be correct, it is the only known occurrence of that species in Britain. From yet another cave in the county, that of Pleasley Vale, have been obtained, in addition to those of other mammals, remains assigned to the lynx (Felis, lynx) ; this being one of the three British caves from which bones referred to that animal have been recorded. It may be added that among rare remains from the Cresswell caves is part of the upper jaw of a mammoth-calf containing the first two cheek-teeth now preserved in the British Museum. The same collection also contains a magnificent pair of red deer antlers, apparently referable to the Caspian or eastern race (Cervus elapbus maraf), from a fissure in a quarry at Allport, Youlgreave near Bakewell. The specimen is described in vol. Ixxv. p. 353 of the Philosophical Transactions ^ published in 1785. 1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxiii. 590. 8 Ibid, xxxii. 247. 3 Ibid. xxxv. 729. 4 Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1889. 36