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A HISTORY OF ESSEX In WALTHAM [(Great) Waltham] Ulwin' held freely (llberce), with the soke (cum soca l 1 hide and 50 acres. Roger holds (it) now of G[eoffrey] as a manor and as i hide and 50 acres (pro tantundem). Then as now (semper) 3 villeins. Then 4 bordars ; now 6. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne ; now i^. Then as now (semper) I plough belonging to the men and I serf. (There are) 7 acres of meadow and i mill. It was then worth 40 shillings ; now 60. CETHAM [Chatham 2 ] was held by Edward as a manor and as 2 hides and 30 acres. Walter holds (it) now of Geoffrey for as much (pro tantundem). Then as now (semper) 2 villeins. Then 2 bordars ; now 5. Then as now 6 serfs and 2 ploughs on the demesne, and I plough belonging to the men. (There is) wood(land) for 100 swine, (and) 6 acres of fo. sSb meadow. Then and afterwards it was worth 40 shillings ; now 60. PACINGES [Patching 8 ] was held, in King Edward's time, by the same Edward as a manor and as 2 hides. Now the same Walter holds (it) of G[eoffrey]. Then as now (semper) i serf, and I plough. (There is) wood(land) for 30 swine and 9 acres of meadow. It is worth 20 shillings. BRUMFELDA [Broomfield] was held by Saulf as a manor and as 4 hides. Now the same Walter holds (it) of Geoffrey. Then as now (semper) 9 villeins. Then 4 bordars. 4 Then 5 serfs ; now 4. Then as now (semper) 2 ploughs on the demesne, and 4 ploughs belonging to the men. (There is) wood(land) for 50 swine and 14 acres of meadow. Then as now (semper) i mill (was there). Then and afterwards it was worth 100 shillings ; now 6 pounds. CINGEHALA [Chignal s ] was held, in King Edward's time, by 3 free men as i hide and 1 5 acres. Now Richard holds (it) of G[eoffrey] as the same amount (pro tant'). Then 2 bordars ; now i o. (There are) now 3 vil- 1 i.e. with the (right to the profits of) jurisdic- tion. The phrase should be observed. 8 A manor in Great Waltham. 3 In Broomfield. This manor was probably absorbed in that of Broomfield Hall, in conse- quence of their being both held of Geoffrey by the same under-tenant. 4 Their number (if there were any) at the time of the Survey is not stated. 5 This entry, with those which follow, com- prises both the Chignals. leins. 6 Then as now (semper) 3 serfs. Then and afterwards 2 ploughs on the demesne ; 7 now i. Now the men have between them I plough. 8 (There is) wood(land) for 10 swine, (and) 15 acres of meadow. It was then worth 30 shillings ; now 45. CINGEHALA [Chignal] was held, in King Edward's time, by Godwine the deacon as a manor and as i^ hides less 5 acres. Now Richard Gernet holds (it of Geoffrey) as a manor and as the same amount (fro tan?). Then as now (semper) i villein. Then I bordar ; now 3. Then 3 serfs ; now 2. Then as now (semper) I plough on the demesne. Then the men had i plough between them ; now a half. (There is) wood(land) for 12 swine, (and) 1 6 acres of meadow. It was then worth 30 shillings ; now 40. There also (In eadem villa) Ulwin' held 45 acres in King Edward's time. Now Ralf holds (them) of G[eoffrey] as a manor and as the same amount (pro tant'). Then as now (semper), 3 bordars and I plough. And (there are) 3 acres of meadow. It is worth 10 shillings. There also Lefsun' holds of G[eoffrey] i virgate, which was held by himself in King Edward's time ; then as now (semper) i plough ; and (there are) 5 acres of meadow ; it is worth 5 shillings. And Leuric' held, and holds under Geoffrey, 30 acres ; then half a plough ; now none ; (there are) 7 acres of meadow ; it is worth 3 shillings. And Lewin' held and holds 1 5 acres ; and (there are) 2 acres of meadow ; it is worth 30 pence. And Alestan' holds now as then (semper) 1 acres ; and (there are) 3 acres of meadow ; it is worth 2 shillings. 9 6 The appearance of villeins at the time of the Survey where there had been none before is most exceptional and very suggestive in view of the fact that their number is the same as that of the ' free men ' by whom the land had been held, for the first entry in the Survey of Essex speaks of a free man who had become one of the villeins on the land he had held (p. 428 above). 7 The scribe has written 'car' horn' d'nio" (or ' car hoin d 'nio ') instead of the normal ' car' in d'nio.' As his phrase cannot be construed, it is probably only a slip arising from confusion with the ' car' horn ' formula. 8 The total number of ploughs remained the same, but the land was now worked as a manor and divided accordingly between the lord and his ' men.' 9 These are among the few cases of small English holders being allowed to retain their lands as under- tenants of the conquerors (see Introduction p. 355, note 3). 506